Synthesis of a New Potential Herbicide

Blend of a New Potential Herbicide Part 1 Presentation Foundation of Study Since the start of the world, each animal on the planet expends food so as to endure. They ingest animals in the ocean, creatures on the ground, or even vegetables on the land. In the former times, the vegetables that humanity admission is without including of engineered synthetic concoctions or at the end of the day it is natural. The reason for including synthetic compounds during the vegetation procedure in this period of modernisation is to conquered bothersome circumstance like expel undesirable plants and dispensing with bug. These concoction is known as pesticides. Pesticide is characterized as concoction utilized for plant self destruction. By and large, pesticide can be independent into four classifications. There are bug spray, herbicide, fungicide and bactericides. Pesticides have cause contamination to the earth. It additionally has an effect towards creatures, plant and humankind. Pesticide is a sort of tireless natural contamination to the earth since it is difficult to corrupt. The physical properties have denied debasement to happen. Instances of pesticide are paraquat, diquat, and DDT (Hafiza, 2014). So as to create food in high return, weed control is utilized. It is to guarantee the food produce is affordable recipient. The most widely recognized weed control utilized is by the utilization of herbicide. It was on the grounds that herbicide is anything but difficult to utilize and it is productive (Lodovichi et. al., 2013; Pannell et al.,2004; Parsons et al., 2009). Herbicide can be sorted. Regularly herbicide is arranged dependent on method of activity. The herbicide typically work dependent on restraint of protein or repress mitosis to happen (Fujiwara, 2014). Humankind need to create more food. It was on the grounds that the total populace will ascend to 9.6 billion individuals (Fujiwara, 2014). The food humankind need is going to increment since everybody need food. However, there are still starvation going on in this time of thousand years. Just in Africa alone there are in excess of 18,000 individuals are starving. Because of food lack, a large portion of the youngsters pass on before them coming to at 5 years old (Missionaries of Africa, n.d). The need of food have cause human to utilize herbicide widely. The broad utilization of a solitary herbicide had cause the weed in the field to be herbicide safe. Herbicide safe in weed will cause a few ramifications. It will make the need change a fresh out of the box new weed and harvest the executives framework, cost inadequate in weed the board, diminish in herbicide decision and low profitability of yield (WSSA, 2011). Consequently, humankind need to create more nourishment for the age to come. However, a less expensive pesticide is requirement for weed control. Notwithstanding, the utilized of pesticide can adjust the quality of weed and it will oppose toward the herbicide and another herbicide is required. The extent of study is amalgamation a herbicide. The herbicide is a subsidiary from benzaldehyde, cyclohexanone and phenyl hydrazine. The union of the subordinates it will at that point be test with meager layer chromatography (TLC). After, it will isolate by utilizing a silica segment. At that point, it is tried with atomic attractive reverberation (NMR) to auxiliary affirmation. Finally however not the least, the integrated structure is exposed to herbicide bioassay test. Huge of Study The huge of the examination is to blend another possible herbicide. The blend of the potential herbicide is to permit another herbicide to be cultivated in the market with new method of activity. The last creation of herbicide is at 1980’s (WSSA, 2011). The vast majority of the analysts have portage see the future and amalgamation a great deal of pristine innovation in a ton of zone. Be that as it may, the critical advancement of another herbicide to improve food profitability and quality had been a worry. Herbicide safe had been a genuine issue to the world as it will influence food profitability. In across the country, there are around 80% of herbicide safe yield due to widely utilization of a solitary sort of herbicide. In side of these 80% herbicide safe yield there are over 90% were glyphosate safe while the rest of the rates glufosinate safe (Duke,2014). In this way, the desire of combination another herbicide is expected to permit increasingly decision of herbicide. In an end, the need to build up another herbicide is required. It is to beaten the issue of expanding need of food, to determine starvation in Africa and improve food quality. Target of Study The Objective of study is as beneath: To integrated benzyldehyde, cyclohexanone, and phenyl hydrazine subordinates as likely herbicide To build up another herbicide to determine the issue of herbicide safe To portray benzyldehyde, cyclohexanone and phenyl hydrazine subsidiaries To conquer the issue of herbicide obstruction Section 2 Writing REVIEW 2.1 Pesticide Human have the best brain of all among creature extend from microscopic organisms to the biggest creature on the planet. Human is imaginative. Humanity likes to take care of issue. When there is a difficult humanity will in general discover the approaches to determine the issues. For instance, there is a types of irritation in the house and human use pesticide to dispense with it. Pesticide isn't something popular in this period. It have been utilized since century prior and the creature that humanity mark as nuisance can be slaughter by utilizing pesticide. The historical backdrop of pesticide can antiquated Romans lived. In that period of time, sulfur is scorched to dispose of creepy crawly bug and weed is constrained by utilizing salt. Later at the sixteenth century, the insect which humankind mark as vermin is executed by utilizing the blend nectar and arsenic blend. In the 16 century additionally, the Chinese uses nicotine to control plum curculio(Hassall, 1990). At that point, human in the nineteenth century attempt to build up a successful pesticide. To control bother the rancher in the field in that century utilized sulfur, copper acetoarsenite, nicotine sulfate and calcium arsenate as pesticide. Nonetheless, the impacts are not unreasonably viable (John, 2010). There a ton of synthetic concoctions was present at post-world war II. The synthetic compounds included BHC, aldrin, endrin, dieldrin, DDT, and 2,4 D (Muir, 2012). These synthetic concoctions use broadly in that time. DDT is utilized as pesticide as a result of modest, high viable and low toxicology (John, 2010). Where 2,4-D(agent orange) is being utilized as a herbicide because of reasonable, high compelling and simple to apply. Be that as it may, pesticide have cost a great deal of issue across the country. During the world war II America utilized this herbicide, bio-chemical defoliants to assault Vietnam. In 1960’s, there is a book named slient spring whom writer name Racheal Carson have raise the awerenes toward the use of herbicide. In the book of quiet spring, the writer clarifies the bioconcentration, bioaccumulation and biomagnifications through the natural pecking order. Pesticide can be classified into numerous classifications. These included acaricide, antimicrobial, attractant, avicide, fungicide, herbicide, bug spray, molluscicide, nematicide, piscicide, repellent, redenticide, and synergist. Diverse kind of herbicide will target distinctive sort of vermin gathering (Delaplane, 1996). Chart 1, Types of pesticide and it’s target gathering. Embraced from, Delaplane, K.S. in pesticide use in the US: history, advantages, dangers and patterns The use of pesticide is wide. It tends to be use in farming, general wellbeing, industry, family unit, individual application and material structure. Use of pesticide in India Outline 2, use of pesticide in India Embrace from, Gupta, P.K.(2004), Pesticide Exposure-Indian scene 2.1.1 Role of Pesticide in Agiculture The broadly utilized of pesticide has cause a few advantages to the country just as world. It was on the grounds that the harvest creation yearly will drop when pesticide isn't utilized. One examination had been done that when pesticide is boycott, the harvest creation in United State alone will drop 73 percent. The diminishing in the harvest creation of groundnuts, cotton and soybeans will prompt insecurity of yield. Simultaneously, the abatement in crop creation will influence the cost of food and the starvation on the planet will build (Delaplane, 1996; Knutson et.al., 1990). It was on the grounds that increments in food crop creation, pesticide is use in a large portion of the created nations. The expansion of food crop creation is just on the grounds that the safe for plant to develop is limited. Weed development, bug assault and organisms can influence the supplement accessibility in the earth. By utilizing pesticide, control of weed, creepy crawly and organisms should be possible. Accordingly increment supplements accessibility in the dirt and it could augmented the condition for harvest to develop (Hassall, 1980). 2.1.2 Effect of Pesticide Since the start of progress, human need to enchanced their day to day environment. The enchancement of living included increment food creation. The expansion of food creation can be enchanced by the utilized of pesticide. In any case, pesticide has cause significant issue (Gupta,2004 ; Gupta, 1989). The measure of pesticide in nature might be nearly nothing yet It might post a danger. In India between the long periods of 1958 to 1992, there are an aggregate of eight instances of pesticide harming in food (Gupta, 2004). Pesticide additionally post danger toward marine and new water living life form (Edge, et. al., 2014). There is an investigation in Tanzania shows that it is having a high convergence of pesticide. In this nation, pesticide hole to the environement subsequently from ill-advised capacity. It has cause pesticide to run off to the stream. After the split, high convergence of pesticide is identified from soil ( Mahugijia et.al., 2013; Kishimba and Mihale, 2004). In any case, following 15 years the centralization of pesticide is still high here after the tidying up process and the debasement of pesticide is seen as irrelevant (Mahugija at. al., 2013). 2.2 Herbicide and It’s Mode of Actions Weed is characterized as a wild plant developing where it isn't needed and in rivalry with developed plants (Soanes and Stevenson, 2009). The principal man who utilize the term weed is Jethro Tã… Â ±ll in his book

Discover the Code-Breaking History of the Rosetta Stone

Find the Code-Breaking History of the Rosetta Stone The Rosetta Stone, which is housed in the British Museum, is a dark, perhaps basalt piece with three dialects on it (Greek, demotic and pictographs) each maxim something very similar. Since the words are converted into different dialects, it gave Jean-Francois Champollion the way in to the secret of Egyptian symbolic representations. Disclosure of the Rosetta Stone Found at Rosetta (Raschid) in 1799, by Napoleons armed force, the Rosetta Stone demonstrated the way to unraveling Egyptian pictographs. The individual who discovered it was Pierre Francois-Xavier Bouchards, a French official of specialists. It was sent to the Institut dEgypte in Cairo and afterward taken to London in 1802. Rosetta Stone Content The British Museum portrays the Rosetta Stone as a holy declaration certifying the faction of 13-year-old Ptolemy V. The Rosetta Stone recounts an understanding between Egyptian ministers and the pharaoh on March 27, 196 B.C. It names respects offered on Macedonian Pharaoh Ptolemy V Epiphanes. In the wake of applauding the pharaoh for his liberality, it depicts the attack of Lycopolis and the lords great deeds for the sanctuary. The content proceeds with its fundamental reason: setting up a clique for the ruler. Related Meaning for the Term Rosetta Stone The name Rosetta Stone is currently applied to pretty much any sort of key used to open a secret. Considerably progressively recognizable might be a famous arrangement of PC based language-learning programs utilizing the term Rosetta Stone as an enrolled trademark. Among its developing rundown of dialects is Arabic, at the same time, too bad, no pictographs. Physical Description of the Rosetta Stone From the Ptolemaic Period, 196 B.C.Height: 114.400 cm (max.)Width: 72.300 cmThickness: 27.900 cmWeight: around 760 kilograms (1,676 lb.). Area of the Rosetta Stone Napoleons armed force found the Rosetta Stone, however they gave up it to the British who, drove by Admiral Nelson, had vanquished the French at the Battle of the Nile. The French ceded to the British at Alexandria in 1801 and as terms of their acquiescence, gave over the relics they had uncovered, primarily the Rosetta Stone and a stone casket generally (yet subject to contest) credited to Alexander the Great. The British Museum has housed the Rosetta Stone since 1802, with the exception of the years 1917-1919 when it was briefly moved underground to forestall conceivable bomb harm. Before its revelation in 1799, it had been in the town of el-Rashid (Rosetta), in Egypt. Dialects of the Rosetta Stone The Rosetta Stone is engraved in 3 dialects: Demotic (the regular content, used to compose documents),Greek (the language of Ionian Greeks, a managerial content), andHieroglyphs (for religious business). Unraveling the Rosetta Stone Nobody could peruse pictographs at the hour of the disclosure of the Rosetta Stone, however researchers before long pieced out a couple of phonetic characters in the demotic area, which, by correlation with the Greek, were distinguished as legitimate names. Before long legitimate names in the hieroglyphic segment were distinguished in light of the fact that they were orbited. These circumnavigated names are called cartouches. Jean-Francois Champollion (1790-1832) was said to have learned enough Greek and Latin when he was 9-years of age to understand Homer and Vergil (Virgil). He considered Persian, Ethiopic, Sanskrit, Zend, Pahlevi, and Arabic, and dealt with a Coptic word reference when he was 19. Champollion at last found the way to deciphering the Rosetta Stone in 1822, distributed in Lettre M. Dacier.

The First Snow of 2018!

The First Snow of 2018! Today marks the first snowfall in Champaign-Urbana for the 2018 year! While some will choose to bundle up and stay inside with their hot chocolate (a perfectly fine choice), there are so many activities in Champaign-Urbana to do before Christmas. Below are a few ideas to get in the holiday spirit. Gif from Giphy.com See The Nutcracker at Krannert Center This show is from 12/1-12/3 and 12/8-12/10. Act fast because this show will certainly sell out! Ice skate at the University of Illinois Ice Arena Ive personally never been ice skating at the ice arena, but I have heard only great things about it! Skate times and fees can be found here. Try hot chocolate from all the local coffee shops Photo from Rachel Hernandez This includes Starbucks, Cafe Bene, Espresso Royale, Cafe Paradiso, Paige Roasting Company, and BrewLab. Attend the Festival of Trees Photo from Rachel Hernandez The Festival of Trees is an event put on by the Junior League of Champaign. Tickets are available for purchase at the door, and all proceeds go back to the Junior Leaguea non-profit organization. Visit Hardys Reindeer Ranch How many people can say they have fed a real reindeer? I can! Hardys Reindeer ranch is a one of a kind opportunity to not only see reindeer, but feed and play with them. Hardys also has a corn maze and gift shop! Rachel Class of 2020 I am studying Middle Grades Education with concentrations in Social Sciences and Literacy in the College of Education. Although I now reside in Champaign, I am originally from Vernon Hills, a Northwest suburb of Chicago.

Is There Good Evidence for or Against the Existence of God

Title 1: Is there good evidence for or against the existence of God? Throughout the ages, the topic of religion has always been discussed and argued over. Some people will always argue that God does exist, whilst others will argue that he doesn’t. Firstly I would like to start my argument with the famous 13th century philosopher, Thomas Aquinas. Aquinas’ argument is known as the cosmological argument. This is the idea of: the unmoved mover, the uncaused causer and idea of contingency, these three arguments are all a posteriori (based on the evidence in the universe around us). The unmoved mover is the concept that, in theory (is logically acceptable even for an atheist), that nothing can be in motion without something first putting†¦show more content†¦Yet again this is an a posteriori argument as we know that it is plausibly and factual reasonable to accept that nothing can come into existence without something causing it. However some would say that it is also a priori as there is no evidence to support the idea of a necessary being. For example in the live radio debate between Russel and Copleston (1948) Russel’s philosophical position was to argue that concepts such as ‘cause of the universeâ⠂¬â„¢ and ‘necessary beings’ held no meaning. In juxtaposition to this, Pierre Laplace argued that the universe is just like a machine. He argued that each part of the machine affects the behaviour of another part of the machine, resulting in movement. Thus meaning that if the universe is a big machine then Laplace is not only rejecting the idea of contingency but also suggesting that contingent beings do not exist at all. Aquinas also forms an argument known as the design argument or the teleological argument which is a a posteriori. This is the concept that everything is directed towards an end and as inanimate objects have no rational powers then they must be directed to this purpose by some external power. William Paley supported Aquinas’ argument surrounding the idea of design, upon which he expanded further. Paley’s argument is known as the watch analogy. He said that if you were to find a watch upon the floor with all its intricate complicated parts, you would never argue thatShow MoreRelatedA Logical Argument For God s Existence Or Nonexistence1471 Words   |  6 PagesA logical argument for God’s existence or nonexistence is the cosmological argument. William Craig says in his book that there are three statements that give the cosmological argument form. Craig concluded that whatever begins to exist has a cause. The Universe began to exist therefore the Universe had a cau se. What that cause was, is widely challenged. The argument against the existence of God includes the Big Bang Theory. 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The History of the Fashion Store Zara - 2181 Words

Background Inditex, one of the worlds largest fashion distributors, has eight major sales formats - Zara, Pull and Bear, Massimo Dutti, Bershka, Stradivarius, Oysho, Zara Home y Kiddys Class- with 3.147 stores in 70 countries around the world. Inditex Group is comprised of over one hundred companies associated in textile design, manufacturing and distribution. The achievements of the company and the uniqueness of its management model, which is based on innovation and flexibility, made Inditex one of the largest fashion distribution groups in the fashion industry. The company’s fashion philosophy -creativity and quality design together with a rapid response to market demands- has resulted in fast†¦show more content†¦The ideas and design of a product came from the designer. The designer gets the idea of what product to design next by means of its sales from stores and customers feedback and comments. The designers based their ideas in product de signs from previous product sales. The feedback and comments of customers a bout a product is also considered in the design. Below is a diagram that shows the cycle how a product is made. The company’s success is because of the total control in every aspect of the business, from designing, to production, and to distribution. By having total control of the entire process, the company can quickly react to the fast changing fashion trend and customer taste, this provides the company an idea of the latest fashion trend. Having total control in all business activities allows Zara to produce and release new design in a short span of time. All of the functions of the business continuously works together to produce new collections and designs which are updated and completed on a weekly basis, this allows the company to release new product easily. Zara shop managers report to designers in La Coruà ±a in a daily basis on what has and has not sold. 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Urban form and sense of security Free Essays

string(417) " be defined in terms discreet qualities which secure a safe feeling to any particular group \(weaker group\) of people discussed above neither can it be defined in terms of any quality which acts at a particular scale \(micro to macro as discussed above\), but is a quality which is a complex of all the above mentioned factors at all scales acting upon any person at any particular time in a particular urban space\." This study tries to explore human perceptions of security In urban environments, by Investigating the impact of design actors in the built environment on an individual’s perception of personal safety in that space. This study was carried out within the context of an urban design study rather than within a human psychology-based study. To validate these factors a site from the traditional fabric of Mohammedan is studied and is compared with the same factors at a site in the newer fabric of the city. We will write a custom essay sample on Urban form and sense of security or any similar topic only for you Order Now The paper finally attempts to establish the relevance of the traditional urban form within contemporary city developments, in achieving better sense of security in public spaces. Understanding of the basic theme a. Deflation of Sense of security Sense of security In simple terms can be defined as a human feeling that makes the person convinced that he she is safe and secure in a particular place or context. The person with a sense of security is not feared of any force which can be a person, a group of persons or an animal or any other manmade / ‘supernatural’ force which can put them in danger (physical or mental damage). People develop specific fears as they learn about certain people, objects, animals or natural/ ‘supernatural’ forces. A child was conditioned to fear a white rat in the laboratory might fear even other white, furry objects Kenny P. Joy I 2 traumatic accident. For example, if a child falls into a well and struggles to get out, he or she may develop a fear of wells, heights (acrophobia), enclosed spaces (claustrophobia), or water (aqua phobia). There are studies looking at areas of the brain that are affected in relation to fear. L Variation in the definition. The definition of sense of security varies from person depending on their age, gender, and cultural background. In all of these categories there is a weaker section which is feared of the other group or some external force, be it manmade or ‘supernatural’. In the case of gender, women being weaker by physical strength fear f attacks of men on them in form of sexual assault, rape, eve teasing etc. Whereas in the case of age, children, being weaker in physical strength, associated lack of mental maturity in understanding the reality, make them fear of adults or even ‘supernatural’ powers who can pose harm to them. Often cultural backgrounds affect the sense of security since form, color, light, sound, smell and other characteristics which are a part of any space will have different meanings in different cultures. The concept of sense of security is not confined to people who belong to any of the weaker groups of these categories but is applicable to any person. For example an able bodied adult male who does not belong to those weaker groups, also is prone to dangers of attack or theft in the public by criminals or animals. The fact that he is also in danger, inculcates a lack of sense of security within him. Here, when it was discussed about the about the victim of such an attack losing sense of security, we should not 1 http://en. Wisped. Org/wick/Little_Albert_experiment 3 forget that the sense of security of these criminals too are in question. They are again in a fear of danger from being caught by police. Though these are some of the basic factors that determine a person’s sense of security, sense of fear in various forms is generated in a person due to the physical character and quality of the space where he is placed. For a person, the sense of security within an urban space is primarily linked with the level of familiarity, which means a sense of fear is generated in the person automatically in an uncertain environment. Fear can channel one’s energies away from areas of perceived threats and into directions that seem safe. Fear is a distressing negative sensation induced by a perceived threat and is a basic survival mechanism in response to a specific tumulus, such as pain or the threat of danger. Factors that determine sense of security in an urban space. Acre level to micro level. At a macro level the location and the context of the urban space of study determines the sense of security of the person using it. This factor has an impact on the way a person moves within a city through preferential selection of routes which give him a sense of security. The next factor that affects the sense of security includes characters at precinct level – legibility and permeability. Legibility of the space makes a person free from getting clueless in an unknown urban space by aging the place more graspable for the user. Permeability helps in removing the feeling of a strange enclosure for a user in an unknown place with provision of number of visible alternative routes. These qualities are predominantly dictated by the form of the urban space. 4 Further going down into smaller levels, there are fine elements within the urban space including visual and non visual elements, which makes the space feel secure for the user. They include factors such as width of the space or street, lighting level, sound, smell, architectural details, artifacts, etc.. Besides characteristics of a space, he sense of security is also created by the kind of people who are associated with the space directly or indirectly. This dimension which comes into the picture while defining the sense of security is territorial definitions. When the territories of an urban space is defined well by the associated people through physical elements like form, character, details etc. Or non physical elements like activities, sound, smell, their cultural expressions etc. It creates a sense of non belonging or unfamiliarity (often attached with fear) for a person entering into the transition space. Definition of an urban space that offers sense of security: The sense of security of an urban space cannot be defined in terms discreet qualities which secure a safe feeling to any particular group (weaker group) of people discussed above neither can it be defined in terms of any quality which acts at a particular scale (micro to macro as discussed above), but is a quality which is a complex of all the above mentioned factors at all scales acting upon any person at any particular time in a particular urban space. You read "Urban form and sense of security" in category "Papers" Time become another factor defining the sense of security as various processes along he time, make the visual and non visual qualities of the space change accordingly. Time determines the type and intensity of activities happening in any urban space changing the level of sense of security throughout the day. The sense of security in urban space is relatively high when the perceived activity level of a particular urban 5 space is high for which time is a very important factor to be considered. The lack of activities, proper lighting, attack of dogs etc create an environment in Mohammedan city wherein beyond midnight and before dawn level of sense of security will be extremely low. Since the control of built form design has little to do with the perceived sense of security during the odd hours of the night, the study limits its scope into the non – odd hours. Relevance of sense of security in urban design: Sense of security adds on to the quality of an urban space. Proper design and effective use of the built environment can lead to a reduction in the fear and incidence of crime, and improvement of the quality of life. Recent trends and concepts of urbanism across the world, being learnt from the mistakes of the past forms of unsustainable urban development, have been stressing and demanding distance friendly urban spaces and networks to get integrated with mass public transit systems. Sense of security, therefore becomes an essential quality of the urban streets and other spaces to bring in people into walking who have once left walking and resorted to private vehicles. Establishing the relationship of sense of security with the design of urban space Factors that determine sense of security in an urban space: The above discussion identifies two key factors whose subcategories can be listed down as the elements that determine the sense of security in the urban pace which include: The form of the urban space: This multidimensional element can be broken down into further sub elements such as street width, built form height, street enclosure ratio, building setbacks, texture of the surface, porosity of the built envelope, the size or the footprint of the buildings and permeability. Relation of the interiors with exteriors: Though the discussion is predominantly about the sense of security in urban space or the space between buildings, the spatial configuration and the relation of the interiors with the exterior spaces is an important factor. The elements which define this relationship are as follows: Compound wall, position of the entrance into the buil ding, level difference of the ground level with the pedestrian surface level, presence of parking space in front of the building, amount of vegetation in front of the building, percentage of openings in the building elevation etc. Validation of these factors through case studies of urban spaces in traditional urban form: To understand and validate these findings in reality, urban spaces in the traditional built fabric of Mohammedan: Teen Darwin precinct with neighborhoods around (fig 1). The dense built fabric with low rise attached built structures housing a mix of uses predominantly residential and typology plays an important role in the keeping up the perceived sense of security. Urban spaces in between purely residential built environments often interact with the pedestrians very weakly and the level of activity is very less. This space gets activated as more and more building uses and activities like commercial or cultural activities gets inserted into it as what is seen in the site under study. The urban form is characterized by narrow pedestrian scale streets with small building footprints. The built form itself evolved out of strong social relations which in these neighborhoods. The territoriality was strongly marked by an area within which the inmates engaged themselves throughout the day – the flower shop, temple, vegetable and grocery shop, work place (often at not so far distance from the neighborhood till recent times). The public space seeps into the residential transition 7 spaces (verandah). The presence of large openings on the building fade always gives the pedestrian a sense that people can see him or in other words gives a sense f presence of people (rather than alienated or lonely) while moving through these public spaces. The In short, the perceived level of activity is high which in turn maintains a high level of natural surveillance. This traditional fabric essentially thus maintains a high level of perceived activity throughout the day and even late hours of the night. Fig 1 – Site map (Source – Google Earth) Fig 2 – Built form (source – Author) Contemporary scenario: Understanding the changes occurred to the urban form structured by new principles which are predominantly non pedestrian and how it affected sense of security in public spaces: The perceptions and meanings of security have changed over time as technology transformed the form of the cities and the way in which they work. The built form which was predominantly fine grained became coarser and coarser as well as loosely packed. This transformation was in fact a product of the process of evolution of the urban form which got mutated by the insertion of automobile movements. The new age lifestyle redefined the character and qualities of living and work environments. As Kenny P. Joy I 8 making them shift to new comfortable and faster modes of movement through automobiles. This in turn affected the pattern of distribution of facilities and various building uses essentially disturbing the pedestrian scale of streets. The conventional planning principles made cities which are large grained with wide roads and segregated activity zones for different activities. This made the Indian city devoid of it original character and vibrancy created by a vibrant mix of activities or land uses. The city became more and more complex in its physical and social systems which supported it. Crimes rates rose in new forms and the sheer number which in turn affected the notion of public space as an alien space. People took time to associate themselves with public spaces and minors generally are discouraged in using public spaces especially in odd hours. Though systems to ensure security through police or security personnel as well as technological advancements (like CATV surveillance, mobile tracking systems etc. Have been put into use in public spaces, they work in their own limitations. Moreover for a pedestrian using the public space, these systems are additional backup systems of security which still hold a second place after the basic instincts or the responses to the environment through which he / she s moving. Demonstration through a case study: The si te selected for understanding the change happened in the urban form is the newly developed area on the western side of Mohammedan – Nehru Magna Junction precinct (shown in fig 3). The site is located along BRATS corridor – a conventionally planned area in the Western side of Mohammedan city. The neighborhood and the adjoining commercial belt got developed into its current form after the insertion of the BRATS corridor in 2010. 9 Fig 3 – Site plan (Source – Google Earth) It has got a mix of housing typologies ranging from low rise apartments cluster of mall footprints as well as taller apartment complexes with few or nil commercial spaces in the ground floor. Since the streets are designed for vehicles, the street widths are large and lack elements make them pedestrian friendly. The built form includes typically, discreet built forms forming islands (or array of islands) within open spaces unlike the previous case where the open spaces formed the islands in between the built form. The spaces between the buildings which contained human activities in the previous case became spaces of movement here. Relationship of the built form with on street pedestrian became weak due to many factors. The built form of especially the residential neighborhoods is characterized by residential buildings separated from the street space with a compound wall needing for more privacy within the property. The low rise built forms as residences or the second Kenny P. Joy I typology found are the tall apartments which may or not have commercial space in the ground floor. A family claim to a territory diminishes proportionally as the number of families who share that claim increases. (Oscar Newman. Creating Defensible Space). In these tall apartment blocks, the number of dwellers is so high hat, they hardly take any responsibility or rather use it considerably to a basic level of activity. This makes the space further inactive and less maintained bringing down the level of sense of security of that space. The other qualities of urban form that determine the sense of security includes permeability and variety. Conclusion This study examines the relationship and role of urban form and typology in determining the level of activity as well as natural surveillance which are the quintessential determiners of sense of security any urban space. In above discussions on case studies, a significant trend observed is the evolution of built arms to achieve more privacy. When the built form is evolved out of a process in which pedestrian behavior, activities and his response with nature is structuring principle, the sense of security a pedestrian enjoys is much higher than in an urban space within a built form structured by behavior and movement pattern supported by automobiles. Mohammedan city current growth is through a form of development which is a characteristic of the latter case. In the contemporary urban development where dimensions of privacy, demands of new lifestyle and perceptions of security eve changed urban form, the traditional urban form may not be possible to be recreated as it is, but the principles of the same can be incorporated within to create urban spaces which may not render a sense of fear in the users. 11 Reference Books Phaedra,Shills, Khan, Camera and Errand, Shills. How to cite Urban form and sense of security, Papers

Validity and Reliability in Qualitative Research

Question: Discuss about the Validity and Reliability in Qualitative Research. Answer: Introduction: Clear statement of the aim of the research- The research article by Ostaszkiewicz et al. (2014) clearly mentions the aim of the research which was to develop a grounded theory on how Residential aged care facilities (RACF) identify, communicate and deliver continence care needs. Justification of the qualitative methodology- The objective of the research was to explore nurses and PCAs experience in assessing care needs and assess their views on barrier or facilitators to care. It was also aimed to conduct field observation for the development of theory regarding the topic. The grounded theory approach of research is appropriate for this study because it provides systematic inductive methods towards theory development and gaining insight to daily practical and ethical challenges in caring for aged residents (Smith 2015). Detailed critical appraisal using the CASP tool Justification of the research design- The clarity of the research by Ostaszkiewicz et al. (2014) is seen by proper discussion on the use of grounded theory approach by means of theoretical sampling, comparative data analysis, identification of main category and theoretical saturation level. It revealed theoretical sampling will be done through semi-structured interview and observations with RACF staffs. However, one limitation seen after reviewing the article is that no justification has been provided regarding why they are using this design for investigation and why they decided to select particularly grounded theory approach of qualitative research. The clear statement regarding the rationale for selecting this study design would have enhanced the quality of the research article. Whenever any research study is planned, proper justification regarding the reasons for selecting particular design eliminate vagueness in approach and strengthens the purpose of research (Birks and Mills, 2015). Recruitment strategy related to the aim of the research- The researcher has maintained the validity of the research in sample recruitment stage by means of eliminating all source of biasness. The recruitment strategy of selecting only experienced staffs in providing continence care in RACF is commendable as this help to identify real barrier or facilitators despite the required competence in care. In the research article by Jonasson et al. (2011), sample was selected without considering the experience of participants which lead to biasness and inaccuracy in study results and theory development. Ostaszkiewicz et al. (2014) did not provide any explanation regarding why selection on particular sample group was necessary for the study. However, the detail regarding the method of sample recruitment was provided. Nurse and PCAs took part in the interview only after they were given information about the purpose and design of research at a professional network forum. They volunteered to take part in the interview after consulting other colleague who took part in the study. Data collection method- Ostaszkiewicz et al. (2014) purposively selected two RACFs site in Australia for interview and field observation, one was 75 bed not-for-profit RACF in Melbourne and other was 50 bed private RACF in Adelaide. The researcher clearly justified the rationale for selecting two sites as it would help to get a mixture of sample group consisting of registered nurse, enrolled nurse and PCA staff who provide care not just to people with dementia but also with other disorders. Certain limitation in reporting of data collection method is also seen as the researcher has mentioned the use of semi-structure open-ended interview with staff, however no detail is given regarding the explicit method of interview. The detail is given regarding the procedure followed for field observation to collect data. However, the absence of the same detail on interview method significantly reduces the quality and efficacy of reporting research study. This form of error in reporting hampers t he reliability of the research and leads to poor grasp of research approach (Noble and Smith, 2015). Relationship between researcher and participants- While reviewing the article by Ostaszkiewicz et al. (2014), it has been found that nothing has been mentioned regarding factors that may lead to biasness in the study. No confounding variable was identified and no consideration was done regarding how to eliminate confounding elements in the study. The research question was formulated after reviewing the quality of RACF facilities in Australia. The researcher emphasized that care staff need to follow the Code of Ethics For Nurse and Aged Care Act while delivery care, however there is very few published article on how nurses and PCAs enact the rights of patients in care. Hence, the research question was set based on the analysis that there is little research on ethical challenges faced in during caring for aged residents in RACFs. The clarity regarding choice of location is given however sample recruitment stage is not adequately covered. While conducting an investigation, certain unexp ected event changes the course of investigation. In such situations, researcher needs to implication of this change and make some changes in plan in between research (Bowling, A., 2014). However, in this research nothing has been mentioned about the unexpected events which mean no such situation arose during the research to modify the research plan. Consideration of ethical issues in research- The ethical responsibility for good research practices includes seeking approval for conducting research from relevant Research Ethics Committee and following informed consent rules to inform participants about purpose of research, participants rights, potential risk in participation, prospective research benefits and limits of confidentiality (Marshall and Rossman 2014). Ostaszkiewicz et al. (2014) does not mentions the process followed regarding taking approval for conducting research from Ethics Committee which reflects lack of accuracy in ethical responsibility for research. However, the procedure regarding informed consent rule is covered in some part where nurses agreed for interview after being informed about research detail at a professional network forum. Rigour of data analysis- Despite several limitations in the article, the data analysis part has been adequately described by the researcher. It was not purely based on thematic analysis, however certain coding techniques were used to identify different categories and present it in result section. Data analysis was done through open coding, theoretical coding and selective coding techniques to interpret data, construct memos and classify them into different category. The uniformity in data was maintained after higher order concept emerged and basic theme was found. These processes reflect data was effectively extracted to enhance the reliability and validity of the research finding. No consideration regarding potential biases and influences has been made at any stage of the research (Ostaszkiewicz et al. 2014). Statement of findings- The study finding was presented after repeating the purpose of the study. Based on interview and field observation of participants in RACFs, Ostaszkiewicz et al. (2014) gave the theory regarding main problem encountered by staff during work and their response to the problem. The findings are explicit with discussion on experience of work, ethically challenging situations, residents level of dependence and devalued role. Hence, multiple and conflicting information related to addressing continence was provided, but credibility of the finding is not properly covered. Contribution of the research- This finding of the research is important as it gives insight into the different structural factors that prevents cares from fully exercising ethical rights and conduct in care. The researcher suggest new areas where action is needed by government but not areas where the topic could be further explored The researcher provided direction to future course of action by stating that the role of Australian government on addressing structural challenges that significantly hinders staffs performance and affect the delivery of high quality continence care to residents. References Birks, M. and Mills, J., 2015.Grounded theory: A practical guide. Sage. Bowling, A., 2014.Research methods in health: investigating health and health services. McGraw-Hill Education (UK). Jonasson, L.L., Liss, P.E., Westerlind, B. and Berter, C., 2011. Corroborating indicates nurses ethical values in a geriatric ward.International journal of qualitative studies on health and well-being,6(3). Marshall, C. and Rossman, G.B., 2014.Designing qualitative research. Sage publications. Noble, H. and Smith, J., 2015. Issues of validity and reliability in qualitative research.Evidence Based Nursing,18(2), pp.34-35. Ostaszkiewicz, J., O'Connell, B. and Dunning, T., 2014. Ethical challenges associated with providing continence care in residential aged care facilities: Findings from a grounded theory study.Australian and New Zealand continence journal,20(4), pp.179-186. Smith, J.A. ed., 2015.Qualitative psychology: A practical guide to research methods. Sage.

Apple Inc Products

Executive Summary Apple Inc is one of the leading manufacturers of electronic products globally. Besides the production of computers and other electronic products, this firm is also known for the production of phones. IPhone 5 and iPad are some of the newest series of products that this firm has produced in the market.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Apple Inc Products specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More This is one of the Apple’s products, which have been very successful in the market today. This firm was able to sell 2 million pieces of iPhone within 24 hours after the launch. On the third day after launching this product, the sale of this product hit five million. The purchase of this new product within the initial stages was in the United States markets. There is a need to take this product to other parts of the world. It has been a success in the home market. It must be taken to the global marke t. The management must therefore come up with a supply chain strategy that will ensure that this product reaches the world market using the least possible costs. The supply chain strategy that this firm should apply must enable the firm to distribute its products efficiently and at the least cost possible. The management should try to predict, and determine the markets where these products are popular. The management should then assess the purchasing power of the market before determining the volume of the products that should be taken to the market. This will ensure that products are distributed successfully in the global market. It should also embrace the modern technologies as a way of reducing costs of operations. Introduction Apple Inc. is one of the most prosperous electronic firms in the world. Two scientists, Steve Jobs and Steve Wozniak, started this firm on April 1, 1976. These two individuals were electronic enthusiasts. They were interested in turning their skills in ele ctronics into a large business unit.Advertising Looking for research paper on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Steve Wozniak, popularly known as Woz, was an astute electrician with a keen interest in computers. It was during this time that computers were started. Steve Jobs on the other hand was a shrewd businessman. Although Woz was more knowledgeable than Jobs in the art of designing computer hardware, Jobs was smatter in entrepreneurship. While Woz considered his skills in making computers as a hobby, Jobs saw a huge potential of stating a computer firm that would rival the then leading computer firm, the IBM. Jobs managed to convince Woz of the importance of commercializing their skills, and together, they started this company. They later incorporated Ronald Wayne, a rich businessperson who came in to help the two financially. The trio formed a formidable force, which culminated into a company that is p rosperous and very profitable. Although this company had various challenges that saw it eliminate its Chief Executive Officer, who was one of the founder members, in 1985, the firm was able to overcome these challenges using a number of strategies. Steve Jobs, having been forced out of the firm in 1985 as the chief executive, made a came-back in 1997 with strategies that transformed this firm to what it is currently. Lafuente (2005) says that Apple is one of the firms that were able to overcome the wave of.com crisis of the early twentieth century that brought down many firm, especially those that were computer based.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Apple Inc Products specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More This firm has a number of electronic products that have received a lot of acceptance in the market. IPhone 5 is one of the most recent products that this firm has introduced into the market. This product ha s received a huge success in the American market. Within the first three days that this product was introduced into the market, the firm was able to sell 5 million pieces majorly in the American market. The management had to find the best approach of making this product reach other parts of the world. It has to develop a strategy would make it possible to distribute the product globally using the least cost possible, and at the fastest speed ever. The management must determine the market size and purchasing power before releasing the products. It must also determine other factors that may hinder successful operations in all the markets it targets before releasing the products. This research paper focuses on the operations of Apple Inc in the global market, and how this firm can ensure that the costs are minimized in order to increase its profitability. Evaluation of the Financial Condition of Apple and its Ability to Achieve its Strategic Objectives as Discussed in the Annual Report In order to understand the financial position of this firm, it is important to look at the financial statements of this firm for the last three years. Below are the income statement, cash flow and the balance sheet of this firm for the last three years. Advertising Looking for research paper on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The financial reports above show that this firm has had a consistent growth in its asset for the last three years. The net tangible asset of this firm has grown by about three times within the last three years. The Total Stockholders’ equity has also expanded by about 150% within the last three. This is a clear sign that the firm has had a stable financial growth for the last three years. This firm has a capacity to meet its objectives given the growth of the firm’s asset base. The income statement and the cash flow statement show that this firm has a capacity to meet its short term financial obligations. This firm can achieve both the long term and the short term financial obligations given the fact that it has been able to maintain a healthy cash flow into the firm. With its financial strength, this firm can easily undertake various activities that would help it realize its dream. The Company’s Profitability Trends and Recommended Strategies to Impr ove or Capitalize on These Trends The financial status of this firm shown above is a clear demonstration that this firm has been successful in its operations for three years. The firm has been very profitable and this explains the massive growth it has had within the three years. This firm uses various competitive strategies in the market in order to manage competition that is very rife in this industry. First, the firm has employed two of the porter’s competitive strategy of low cost and differentiation. The firm moved its production from US to China in order to cut the cost of production. China, unlike the US, has cheap labor that would eventually translate to lower cost of production. This makes it easy for this firm to sell its products at lower prices but still make profits (Helfert, 2001). Other than the cost strategy, the other strategy that this firm has employed is the differentiation strategy. This firm has made their products unique. Some of its present products ar e differentiated from other conventional products in the market, making it acquire a special niche within the industry. The iPhone 5 is a product that is yet to find its rival in its special niche. The timing tactic of this firm in launching new products has also been superb. This firm always come with a new product at such times that the market feels that they need a better product to serve their current needs. It introduced the iPhone when the market needed a better phone with so many integrated features. This has seen their new products receive huge acceptance in various markets when introduced. The firm has also been keen to employ cooperation strategy whenever needed. During its early years, it formed a joint venture with Microsoft when it realized that its computer languages were not efficient enough to make competitive products in the market. This strategic alliance saw it gain market share both in the home markets and abroad. It also enhanced its distribution process. This f irm has also been able to implement Porters five forces. To tackle the threat of new competition, the firm has been keen on producing new products to rival those of new competitors. To manage the threat of substitute products, Apple has developed different lines of products to satisfy different markets so that it may not be adversely affected if one line is invaded by substitute products. To increase its bargaining power with the buyers, it has continued to produce high end products with qualities that make it easy for the customers to appreciate their high prices (Gill Chatton, 2001). To increase their bargaining power with the suppliers, it has created a scenario where it is a single buyer with various sellers. This makes it able to dictate the terms of buying the products. To counter the intensity of competition, it has been able to acquire a special niche in this market, rendering its competitors irrelevant as their products are turned into mere substitutes of this company†™s products. The Strategic Moves to Capitalize on its Profitability Trends This firm should be able to capitalize on its profitability trend in the market despite the intense competition that exists. It must come up with strategic moves that will enable it make the most out of its success in the market currently. In the current competitive market, Apple should employ a series of strategies that would ensure that it remains relevantly competitive in this market. The first strategy it has used is the marketing strategy. In this strategy, this firm has tried to sell its products at prices that would bring in as many of the customers as possible. Although the company has some of its products sold at premium prices, it has a number of its products sold at fair prices that can be afforded by the middle class members of the society. Under this strategy, this firm has ensured that its distribution of the products is efficient and effective to further cut down the cost of delivering the pr oducts to the customer. Another strategy used by this firm to manage competition is market development strategy. In this strategy, the firm has struggled to ensure that it increases its market share in the world market. This has been done through market penetration in the new markets where this firm had not make entries into. The firm has also developed new markets and new users for its products. It created new users by developing the machines that could be used in the airports and other sensitive places for security check-ups. It also developed new markets by developing cheaper products that could be afforded by new markets at the lower niche of the market. Taking the product strategy, this firm has ensured that most of their products are up to the market expected standards. This firm has been keen to ensure that most of its products are not only of good quality but also of the right specifications in terms of size. In its research and extension unit, this firm has been very creati ve. It has been voted as one of the most innovative firms in the world for a number of years. It has been keen to introduce new products into the market at regular intervals. Evaluation of the Company’s Cash Position and its Ability to Invest in Capital Projects In Future Years According to Lee (2009), for a firm to be able to maintain a competitive edge over others in the market, there is always need to ensure that it invests in capital projects in a regular manner. The market has very stiff competition, and the firm has the responsibility of coming up with creative projects that can enable it meet its customers’ demand. This scholar says that the market has remained very dynamic, and this dynamism has forced firms to come up with new projects quite often. These projects would enable a firm to present new and innovative products in the market at regular intervals. This scholar emphasizes the fact that electronic industry is one of the most affected industries in the w orld with the emerging technologies. Apple has been able to be one of the market leaders in this industry because of its regular innovative projects. In order to be able to invest in capital projects in future years, there should be a solid financial base. This will help the firm sponsor these projects in a way that will make them profitable. To sustain a project from its inception to completion requires a lot of money. This can only come from successful operational activities of the firm in the market. It is clear, from the company’s financial statements given above, that there is enough financial power to enable this firm support these projects successfully. The Effectiveness of the Company’s Inventory or Service Costing Method and Recommendations to Improve this Area The inventory service of this company has been very effective. It is clear that this firm has been able to expand its inventory massively within the last three years. Given the figures on the financial statements given above, this firm has been able to come up with strategies that has enabled it expand its asset base. There are only a few adjustments that may be recommended for this firm in expanding its inventory. The management should consider having permanent presence with its own assets in various parts of the world instead of using the agents. This is because the agents by be used by other competitors against the firm. The Adequacy or Risks of the Internal Control Environment Noted In the Annual Report by Management, and Internal and External Auditors The financial statements given above were given by external auditors, with the support of the internal auditors of the firm. There are some risks that these auditors bring out that the management should be careful to manage properly. According to Riahi (2005), managing of risks is one of the most important ways through which a firm can increase its profitability and success within an industry. As stated above, risks come with va rious penalties that a firm should be ready to pay. These penalties may have adverse effect on the firm. Apple Inc should therefore, find mechanism through which it can transfer the risks, or manage them in a way that it may not be affected. The risk posed by uncertainties can be transferred to insurance companies. This way, the firm will be able to operate without fear of adverse effect of environmental uncertainties. The economic risks should be managed by having other alternative projects for the firm in case its clients are not ready to award it tenders. In dealing with the political environment, it will be important for the firm to understand the political environment of any country, and evaluate its effect on the normal operations (Shim Siegel, 2007). The firm should also make an effort to develop a close relationship with governments in new countries that it plans to start new investment in. In managing the risk of poor performance, this firm should ensure that it employs hi ghly skilled employees who are self motivated, and determined to achieve the best result in the market. When contracting other firms, Apple Inc should clearly state to them that any consequences that will arise due to their failure to perform as expected will be carried by the contracted firm. This will help this firm avoid bearing fines that are not associated with it. When dealing with the risks of physical injury of its employees, the firm should ensure that all the employees wear protective gear while on site. They should also have the right instruments when performing various functions within the firm. It will also be important for the management to ensure that all its employees have insurance scheme that will cover any injury during the process of working within the firm. The Risk to the Company Related To Foreign Currency Translations, Foreign Economic Events, and International Financial Reporting Standard Requirements and the Risk Tolerance Level for the Company Apple operat es globally. As was stated above, most of the production activities of this firm are done in China. The manufactured products would then move to the United States, the European market, Asia, Africa, and other markets around the globe. One of the main challenges that this firm has faced in its global operations is foreign currency translation, foreign economic events, among other issues. Apple has to pay its employees in Chinese Yuan. It will be paid for its products in Japan using Japanese Yen, in Britain using British Pound, in Canada using Canadian Dollar, and in India using Indian Rupee. These currencies do fluctuate in the financial market quite often. When a budget is made in its Chinese plant, there may be need to readjust the budget in case there is a fluctuation of the Chinese Yuan. The socio-economic and political environment of the countries where this firm operates also affects its success. Determination of Where the Company Appears Vulnerable For Displaying Unethical Beh avior Ethics is very important for the general success of a firm. Apple has been very keen to ensure that all its operations in the market are ethical. The financial audit of the firm by external auditors shows that this firm has been ethical in stating its financial position, and its returns to the government. This is very important to ensure that this firm develops a cordial relationship with the government and the public in general. In the international markets outside the United States, European markets and in China, this firm operates through agents. This firm has been very clear on the ethical issues it expects of them. In those countries where it operates through subsidiaries, it has maintained truthfulness and other ethical business values. The main ethical challenge that this firm has faced is the issue relating to patents of some of its products. Some have blamed the firm of overstretching the patent rights of most of its products. Prediction of Where This Company Will Be Financially In Five (5) Years Apple has had a consistent growth in its financial base over the last three years. The financial statements shown above demonstrate that this firm may have a continued growth in the next five years. There are some factors that may arise within the five years that may act for or against this continued growth (Jones Henley, 2009). Therefore in five years, the figures estimated may not actually be the case because of these variables. Given the rate of growth given in the financial statements above, the five may have about 600% after a period of three years. References Gill, J. Chatton, M. (2001). Financial analysis: The next step. Menlo Park: Crisp Publications. Helfert, E. A. (2001). Financial analysis: tools and techniques: A guide for managers. Boston: McGraw-Hill. Jones, L. Henley, G. (2009). Training needs analysis. Oxfordshire: Henley Distance Learning. Lafuente, A. M. (2005). Fuzzy logic in financial analysis. Berlin: Springer. Lee, A. (2009). Fi nancial analysis, planning forecasting: Theory and application. Singapore: World Scientific. Riahi, A. (2005). Financial analysis and the predictability of important economic events. Westport: Quorum Books. Shim, J. Siegel, J. (2007). Handbook of financial analysis, forecasting, and modeling. Chicago: Wolters Kluwer. This research paper on Apple Inc Products was written and submitted by user Kaylynn C. to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Free Essays on Interior Design

Interior Designer Interior designers plan the space and furnish the interiors of private homes, public buildings, and commercial or institutional establishments, such as offices, restaurants, hospitals, hotels, and theaters. They also plan the interiors for additions to and renovations of existing structures. Most interior designers specialize, and some further specialize in a related line of work. With a client’s tastes, needs, and budget in mind, interior designers prepare drawings and specifications for interior construction, furnishings, lighting, and finishes. Designers also use computers to plan layouts that can be changed easily to include ideas received from the client. Interior designers also design lighting and architectural details, such as crown molding, coordinate colors and select furniture, floor coverings, and curtains. Interior designers must design space to conform to Federal, State, and local laws, including building codes. Design plans for public areas also must meet acces sibility standards for the disabled and elderly. Interior design is the only design field subject to government regulation. According to the American Society for Interior Designers, 21 States and the District of Columbia require interior designers to be licensed. Because licensing is not mandatory in all States, an interior designer’s professional standing is important. Membership in a professional association usually requires the completion of 3 or 4 years of postsecondary education in design, at least 2 years of practical experience in the field, and passage of the National Council for Interior Design qualification examination. Earnings for interior designers were $31,760 in 1998. Clothes Designer Clothing Designers design clothing. Some high-clothing designers are self-employed and design for individual clients. Other high-clothing designers cater to specialty stores or high fashion department stores. These designers create origi... Free Essays on Interior Design Free Essays on Interior Design Interior Designer Interior designers plan the space and furnish the interiors of private homes, public buildings, and commercial or institutional establishments, such as offices, restaurants, hospitals, hotels, and theaters. They also plan the interiors for additions to and renovations of existing structures. Most interior designers specialize, and some further specialize in a related line of work. With a client’s tastes, needs, and budget in mind, interior designers prepare drawings and specifications for interior construction, furnishings, lighting, and finishes. Designers also use computers to plan layouts that can be changed easily to include ideas received from the client. Interior designers also design lighting and architectural details, such as crown molding, coordinate colors and select furniture, floor coverings, and curtains. Interior designers must design space to conform to Federal, State, and local laws, including building codes. Design plans for public areas also must meet acces sibility standards for the disabled and elderly. Interior design is the only design field subject to government regulation. According to the American Society for Interior Designers, 21 States and the District of Columbia require interior designers to be licensed. Because licensing is not mandatory in all States, an interior designer’s professional standing is important. Membership in a professional association usually requires the completion of 3 or 4 years of postsecondary education in design, at least 2 years of practical experience in the field, and passage of the National Council for Interior Design qualification examination. Earnings for interior designers were $31,760 in 1998. Clothes Designer Clothing Designers design clothing. Some high-clothing designers are self-employed and design for individual clients. Other high-clothing designers cater to specialty stores or high fashion department stores. These designers create origi...

Delicate transactions Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Delicate transactions - Essay Example In the present world scenario utmost importance is given to human rights. Under United Nations resolution human rights to every citizen of every country should be considered as an important factor. It's every country's responsibility to protect its citizen's basic human rights. Human rights violation should be considered as a serious offence, legal and appropriate action should be taken against those who violate these rights. In 1948 some states signed Universal Declaration of Human Rights. According to this men and women have equal rights but ironically none of the states that signed haven't provided any equal rights to women. Racial abuse is a serious offence and should be dealt with serious punishments.In US the Hispanics are the largest immigrants. They migrated from the neighboring country Mexico And other Latin countries. Since these countries were not as developed as US and their socio-economic structure was on decline, many of the citizens were forced to migrate to US. In US, Hispanic immigrants have less education and less skill set, even among Hispanic women also. Apart from other groups these Hispanics have less human capital, so they have very less employers in their group and it is indirectly affecting their economic status and social environment also.Gender inequality was always prevailed among the Hispanics. Since they were not the major community and further more they were immigrants, they had to face the brunt of racial abuse. One of the reasons of racial abuse was, fear among the US citizens was losing the jobs to these immigrants.

The Impact of Performance Management Research Paper

The Impact of Performance Management - Research Paper Example Performance management also refers to a sequence of steps through which businesses align their employees, resources and systems with organizational priorities, strategic goals and objectives. Essentially, performance management is the complex science, which guarantees the management of behaviors and results, which are principal elements of performance. Organizations initiate performance management through supposed strategic tactics directed at enhancing organizational effectiveness via the enhancement of managers’ and employees’ performances. This is through the enhancement of the capabilities of both teams and individuals. This paper will study the issue of performance management, discussing its negative effects. The appreciation of the adverse effects of performance management encourages organizations to learn from its experiences, enhance them and sustain employees’ interests in the reviews. Performance management exposes employees and managers to undue pressu re, which ultimately results in poor levels of performance and dwindling organizational successfulness. Traditional points of view consider performance management on account of performance assessment systems having immense, positive effects on business performance. However, there is relatively little evidence to defend this hypothesis. There is a growing appreciation for the adverse consequences of performance management to both organizations and employees (Godener & Soderquist, 2004). One of the most prominent negative effects of performance management is the bureaucracy associated with the compilation of reports for regular assessments. The preparation of such reports takes at least two days, which is the normal quantity of time, invested from middle and senior managers for performance management purposes, in a month. The complexity of performance management is also a significant hurdle since it disconnects employees from the entire process of performance management. Measures such as composite measures and performance indexes, which managers use in performance management, may not be universally ideal. The negative impacts of performance management also include decreased departmental and organizational performance. The implementation of performance management has an adverse effect on the organization’s immediate performance, particularly with regard to employees’ performance. This situation emerges as a result of lack of proper training of employees and managers, especially in terms of formal change management. In addition, performance management results in diminished organizational performance when the review process fails to address the changes in the organization’s culture. Performance management demoralizes employees. This is because employees consider performance reviews as management-based tools used to get back at them, thereby, subjecting the employees to extreme levels of subjectivity. Performance management produces particularly adverse effects when the process fails to address employees’ fears and clarify the essence of the process and its benefits to employees. Furthermore, performance management results in low productivity due to inadequate management commitment to the process and a notable lack of consistency regarding performance management in different organizational departments. In addition, performance management, which is a two-way communication process, could degrade communication. When managers fail to appreciate

Orient Overseas Container Line (OOCL)

Orient Overseas Container Line (OOCL) ORIENT OVERSEAS CONTAINER LINE (OOCL) 01.BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF OOCL. Container shipping is most popular types of merchant shipping over the world. Due to size, use, and accessibility, it is famous and convenient for transporting from one place to another place to all customers from small trader to big trader. OOCL is the leading container main line operator in shipping industry having own information technology facilities. OOCL is a wholly-owned subsidiary company of OOIL (Orient Overseas International Limited) group which listed on Hong Kong Stock exchange as a public limited company. OOCL is one of the worlds largest integrated international container transportation, logistics and terminal companies having global brand images in container shipping (OOCL, 2010a) The founder of OOCL is CY Tung who dreamed to create Chinese merchant fleet in international shipping. In 1947, he succeeded when first ship with all Chinese crew reached in USA and Europe under the name of his company Orient Overseas Line (OOL). Due to the demand of container vessel and age of containerisation in shipping, OOL renamed to OOCL in 1962. Today, it has more than 230offices in 58 countries around the world and the present Chairman is CC Tung. OOCL Mission Statementis â€Å"To be the best and most innovative international container transport and logistics service provider; providing a Vital Link to world trade and creating value for our customers, employees, shareholders and partners† ( OOCL,2010b). The core values of OOCL for people or employee of the company, customers and wants to maintain high standard of services through community responsibilities. OCCL is a renewed container carrier who has own mother and feeder vessel, rail track, containers, trailers and terminals. In December 2008, OOCL awarded â€Å"Best of the Best† ocean career by World Trade Magazine of USA (Shister, 2008).All vessels of OOCL achieved the quality certificate of QUALSHIP 21 issued by US Coast Guard. However, recent world recession covered OOCL also and its container traffic fell 17.2 per cent compared with the first half of 2008, while revenue fell 37.2 per cent to $2.05bn and operating loss for the half of $197m, against a $216m profit in the first half of 2008 ( Lau and Wright,2009). United Nations Conference on Trade and development- UNCTAD positioned OOCL within the leading container transport operators of 20 MLO (Main Line Operators). Year Position Number Of Vessels TEU Capacity (TEU-Twenty feet Equivalent) 2008 11 90 364384 2007 09 84 351542 2006 12 71 275057 2005 11 68 236018 2004 11 63 216527 Figure 1 (Table) Performance of OOCL in world container trade 2004-2008 (UNCTAD,2010) The position of the OOCL is world container industry is fluctuating highly year by year. There is no constant improving that means growth in performance indicator by UNCTAD. However, they are increasing the number of vessel and container capacity (TEU capacity) in every year. Within 5 years they increased the number of vessels approx 50% and capacity over 68%. As a total logistics service provider, OOCLs international freight consolidation and logistics service unit, OOCL Logistics, provides its customers with innovative freight management services and leading-edge IT solutions. OOCL China Domestic Ltd. offers extensive domestic distribution services and supply-chain management to customers in China, the growing market which OOCL has been serving for over 50 years ( OOIL,2010 ) OOCL is renowned for its pioneering approach to developing intermodal connections. All means of intermodal transport are carefully integrated with trunk ocean services to offer seamless connections across continents using feeder services, barges, trucks and block trains (OOCL, 2010c) 02.STRATEGIC MANAGEMENT People have different views for understanding, developing and implementing strategy economically and timely to gain special advantages in business. Before taking any strategy, need to justify and assess the organisations present situation especially internal environment of the organisation. After that, external environment will help to set a preliminary plan for going forward. This is very important to assess the situations by marketing mix and political factors also. In a study (Johnson et all, 2005) of strategic exploration found that, there are three strategy lenses: design, experience and ideas which are useful to develop a strategy in a organisation. Model of Strategic Management (Johnson et all, 2005) The above model indicates that strategic management indicates the strategic position of a organisation depends on the environment and its capabilities to adapt also its expectations. The choice of strategy may be in business level or corporate-level; it may be internationally for the development of the organisation by following the strategic direction or methods. Furthermore, need to organise, enable the strategy into action to get competitive advantage. The research and development of the strategy based on the some environment analysis such as SWOT, PESTLE , value chain , Porters Five forces mode and etc. By applying these organisations can find the position where it placed and take effective measure to correct modify for developing the situation. 03.SWOT ANALYSIS FOR OOCL In a study Stacey (2000) stated that â€Å"SWOT analysis is the list of an organisations strengths and weaknesses indicated by an analysis of its resources and capabilities, plus a list of the opportunities and threats that an analysis of its environment identities. Strategic logic obviously requires that the future pattern of actions to be taken should match strengths with opportunities, ward off threats, and seek to overcome weaknesses.†(P-5). In addition, Strengths (Koch, 2000) can serve as a foundation for building a competitive advantage, and weaknesses may hinder it. By understanding these four aspects of its situation, a firm can better leverage its strengths, correct its weaknesses, capitalize on golden opportunities, and deter potentially devastating threats Container Shipping is the most complicated globalized industry which has to compete with internal competitors like other container operators also homogenous business like dry bulk or tanker operators. Moreover, it has a big competition with air transportation. Customer always wants to know the good and bad matters of the company before stuffing his cargo. By SWOT analysis of a company we can easily find out the negative and positives of an organisation. So, SWOT analysis is very important for developing company profile by correcting present weaknesses and aware the threats internally, externally and environmentally. OCCL has huge competition with other operators nationally and internationally and need to manage small shipper or big customer, moreover, fluctuation of international trade create the environment to forecast its all sight. Furthermore, it is a customer focused organisation. SWOT analysis will help to attract the customer for better business also develops the organisation economically and socially. 04.SWOT ANALYSIS A. STRENGTHS OF OOCL OOCL is a subsidiary of a global group of company OOIL group, Hong Kong. They can take any organizational or financial help from the group even from the government. Offering quality services in Asia, Europe, America and Australasia where container service is highly demanded as quick ocean transportation and easy access to shipper or consignee premises. Quick and speedy service, transit time is less, easy connection, global service network Pioneer in IT (Shipping).Very strong in information technology. Vendor services are performing by specialized software â€Å"Operationsmart†, â€Å"Depotsmart† and â€Å"Schedulesmart†. Vendor can easily log on and contract with OOCL from anywhere by using this facilities. Any customer can know his cargo position by this link. All vessels are handling by using information technology. Has own carriers (Mother and feeder vessels), rail track ( Owned in China and partnership in America Europe) Global brand image identification to trader, importer and exporter. Trained and skilled employees whos are really professional devoted in their jobs. Market leader in refrigerated container trade and temperature -controlled environment over ocean, rail and load line. Strong intermodal network in Asia, Europe and America. â€Å"DGsmart† which cares the dangerous goods customer. OOCL provides training for all for handling these types of cargo B. WEAKNESSES OF OOCL High competition and market fluctuation. Insignificant market growth of the line. No constant business growth in the industry. High freight costs. Peak season surcharge on service routes. Limited allocation of container in various routes and country GSA trade in maximum country. No direct trade for maximizing profit and mass customization. Imbalance of equipment. Huge lease container. Africa service is not available. C. OPPORTUNITIES OF OOCL OOCL can increase the number of vessels and container as world demand is increasing day by day. Introduction of Africa and South American services and intermodal connection there. Increase market share in Asian region by direct business. Introduction of feeder service in south Asia and investment in terminal business. More investment in port and terminal business. D. THREATS OF OOCL World recession which may be incurred huge loss which will impact to the share market and shareholders view to divert from their position or sell the share. Due to surcharge or extra payment, customer may divert to other operators. Heavy competition with national and international carrier. Globalization of the industry. May loose domestics cargo. Limited Feeder Vessel allotment from hub port to spoke port in Asian market 05.BUSINESS STRATEGY Business strategy is the key component of developing the organisation as reputed organisation of the world. In addition, it will help to establish the operational guidelines by which company can proceed step by step. This good plan may help to reach the target point for achieving the desired outputs. It will help to make plan, revision, control and implementation of the project. In a study Lasserre ( 2007) argued that a company business strategy is a set of fundamental choices which defines its long-term objectives, its value proposition to the market, how it intends to build and sustain a competitive business system and how it organises itself. He added that a business strategy will generally cover the followings for getting the maximum outcomes:- Ambition. This will help to set a long-term objectives of the company by which it is possible to create a target especially increasing the size of the organization economically, nationally and internationally. Positioning. It will add the value proposition to customer. Branding the product and service, customer segmentation, preference of customer choices will set a standard of the company and good position on the market. Investment. Business strategy will help to create the environment of investment for going very near of the customer. Also create a system that is able to deliver value to customers competitively. Organization. The profound beliefs of the organization will add value to the employee and long-term working facilities will develop a good structure of human resources management. From human resources to the production, everywhere will be a process and will maneuver the organization in a system. The business strategy of an organisation may be different in different location or region. The company business strategy may be FDI (Foreign Direct Investment), MA (Merger and acquisition), Diversification, CSR (Corporate Social Responsibility) or Global Strategy or any corporate strategies that will dominate or indicate how the company will bring competitive advantages to do business. 06.DIVERSIFICATION STRATEGY OF OOCL a)Diversification Diversification (Johnson et all, 2005) is a strategy that takes the organisation into both new markets and products or services and be undertaken for a variety of reasons, value creating than others. It may gain the economies of scope by organisations existing facilities also corporate managerial capabilities. Keeping the product is the main challenge of diversification. Instead of increasing growth, it sometimes is a burden for the organisation. The growth of the core business of the organisation may create the financial or distribution channel strength to expand the business in related or unrelated function. Sometimes managers or employee motivates the owners to engage in new business. In addition, the good brand value may attract to diversify the product or introduce new product by which company can give additional customer service. Furthermore, offer from government to do business in a new area or product for protecting the national interest towards a strong position of the compa ny also financial stability in a country. In a research of diversification , Reed and Luffman ( 1986) argued that basic strategic aims can only be decided after deliberate concentration on the companys present limitation and future needs which helps to survive, growth , use of resources or adapting to customer then diversification is one alternative in several option available to the company. They also added that analysis of market; material supplies, technological development and production process are required before moving to the decision of diversification. Where the opportunity is available but risk to develop, organisation may not diversify from their core business. The assessment to expand the business in various ways can help to take a decision in what way they will look forward towards existing or new customer but offering the qualitative product or service depends on the customers desire and availability of channel by which they can promote the product or service. Otherwise, risk will be increased and core business may be hampered by the new one. Grant (2008) argued that diversification strategy or decisions by the company involves for two issues: attraction of the industry and output by competitive advantages. The economics of scope can be tangibles or intangible resources of the company even organisational capabilities can also be transferred within the diversified company. OOCL had competitive advantages by its diversified products like information systems and terminal business. The group business expanded business in related and unrelated industry for getting the logistics support for its core business ocean shipping. He prescribed that diversification motivates the organisation for growing, reducing risk and making profit to create inconsistency of shareholder view. OOCL diversified in both concentric and conglomerate to develop their organisation economically also creating brand value. But they highly focused on concentric diversification because shipping is the derived demand and highly globalized business where customer needs all kind of logistics support. Providing the logistics support they made strong information systems from the origin of transport to the final destination which one is the full version of logistics. The OOIL group diversified in container business by creating the OOCL logistics which helps to add value in their core business ocean shipping. In addition, they involved in port terminal business in Kaoshiung (China) and Long Beach (North America) which form an integral part of international containerised transport business ( OOIL,2010a). The cargo smart is the innovative software of OOCL by which they can keep relation with their clients in 24 hours. Preliminary it is developed for their own organisations but now using by most of the logistics company of the world. It ( CargoSmart,2010) is a Software as a Service (SaaS) global shipping and logistics solutions provider that enables companies to lower transportation management costs, streamline operations, and reduce the risk of late shipments. For getting the domestics cargo, they established OOCL china domestics limited for getting the domestics cargo which also add value in their business. Due to heavy industrialization in China and having competition with national and international shipping company, OOCL diversified in their product to create a good marketing approach to the local trader. Kaoshiung port terminal is supporting them by giving logistics centre facilities to the shipper and consignee in China. Furthermore, road and rail transportation also help to attract the customer as it is the multimodal facilities for transporting the cargo at carriers risk. Enhance, they structured intermodal service in China, Europe and North America In conglomerate diversification, they established property business in two countries ( China and USA) as OODL which helps to increase the shareholder value and future of the company for any crisis or recovery of their core business. b) Vertical Integration in OOCL There is a vertical integration in OOCL diversification as they set a list of product and service in front of their clients. The core business of OOCL is ocean shipping that means selling the vessel space to the customer and providing the facilities of instrument container for caring the cargo. Along with this business they integrated the services by backward and forward integration. The backward facilities are the information facilities by which customer can log on from any place of the world. In addition, Logistics Company like OOCL logistics, intermodal systems also added in backward integration. The forward facilities are port and terminal business which added value to attract the customer for clearing the cargo easily and economically. C) Performance and Outcomes. Diversification and performance are correlated in their potential activities but depends on the acceptance of the customer. Grant (2008) believes that diversification has the potential to create value for shareholders where it exploits economics of scope and where transaction costs in the market for resources make it inefficient to exploit these economics of scope through market contracts. The shipping market depends on its cycles from the ship building to scrapping and mid times using facilities. Moreover, its perishable service where customization is very important to use its all cycles. As a container service main line operator, it is very difficult to run the business by only its vessel performance but also need connecting facilities to keep the customer. Diversification in OOCl helps to create logistics products or service like Cargo Smart, Intermodal, Port Terminal and catalyst their core business ocean shipping. The conglomerate diversification of OOCL in property business he lped to survive in recession. Due ( Reuters,2010) to global economic downturn and company huge loss in this downturn , OOIL group has sold $2.2 billion in Chinese property to raise cash and focus on its core shipping business. 07. CRITICAL ANALYSIS The diversification strategy of OOCL is partially failure. Due to economic downturn, group is unable to sustain and sold their unrelated property business OODL. It will be impacted to their core business because shareholder will not be influenced to keep their share. In addition, they had opportunity for developing their business in port terminals but sold two terminals out of four. Port terminals are big access of a shipping company. However, their present terminal is using by their own and grand alliance vessels. The best option for container shipping in strategic management may be in global strategy because this is the highly globalised industry. They can choose the strategy for increasing their services in all over the world. Some companies are very successful in MA like MAERSK. They merged with Sealand firstly and finally acquired PO Nedlloyd which one is the great and highly capitalized acquisition in shipping industry. OOCL has great opportunity to merge with some African or South American container line to diversify their business in these regions. It will bring more customers. In addition, their core competence of HR policy indicated that CSR may be the best strategy to develop the business. The Grand Alliance ( Hapag-lloyd,2009) formed in 1998 is the leading integrated consortium in global container shipping by the leading main line operator in container shipping Hapag-Lloyd (Germany), MISC Berhad (Malaysia), NYK (Japan) and OOCL (Hong Kong). Jointly they are introducing shipping rout es and new services day by day to extend the container shipping. 08.CONCLUSION Lasserre (2007) stated that managers, politicians, journalists and academics are commonly using the concept of globalization along with global industries, competition, or corporation or strategies to globalize or die. Container shipping industry is highly globalised as it is the derived demand of world trade. Moreover, it has to fight with same line industry like dry bulk or tanker shipping. The business rivalry among the main line container operators is very high. In addition, world alliance by some companies that making groups and start consolidated business is the new dimension to minimize the loss or maximizing the profit. Strategic alliance between two or more firms like the grand alliance of OOCL with other operators brought competitive advantages in business. OOCL is the family business organisation and featured the core competency of human resources. SWOT analysis of the organisation and diversification strategy may show the ways to face the global economic downturn and be mo re strategic in their business.