Raised line writing paper: July 2019

Wednesday, July 31, 2019

Road Safety

Road safety is increasingly becoming a major killer and a worldwide concern. A child is killed in an accident every three minutes. Everyday more than one hundred people are killed due to lack in road safety. Around six thousand people are injured due to these small mistakes of a driver. Many people look at road safety as non-essential, but this a major topic of accidents occurring every minute nowadays. . Road accident is a global tragedy with ever-raising trend. To avoid these, a driver should be careful not to break the road safety rules and maintain the road safety culture.The main reason for accidents is high speed driving. Many people are killed, left seriously injured in road accidents. Drivers must be well educated regarding road safety & what to do what not to do. Police officers have a key role in encouraging improved road-user behavior. The main causes of the car accidents are driver distractions, drunken drivers, using cellular phones while driving, speeding, aggressive dr iving, mechanical failure, road conditions and weather.Lack of discipline of the driver, refusal to follow traffic rules, lack of experience and licensing older drivers also may be a cause of these accidents. Road accidents involving children has become a major cause for concern around the world. Within recent times, there has been a dramatic increase in the number of road accidents involving children. Accidents are generally classified as single vehicle and multiple vehicle accidents. The increase of road accident is closely linked with the rapid growth of population, economics development, industrialization and motorization encountered by the country.It continues to be a growing concern to all those who use the roads. There are many other causes of accident on the road. One reason is that, nowadays people can obtain license easily. But actually, people who want to get the license must have an experience and know the rules on the road. However, we do not have a big number of experi enced drivers on the road. However, there are traffic laws that may prevent these kinds of accidents to happen, but it is still up to the driver to follow the road safety rules and maintain road safety culture. .Ã¢â‚¬ Road Safety Road safety is a major issue affecting the road sector. Road accidents remain a serious impediment to sustainable human development in many of the developing member countries (DMCs) of the Asian Development Bank (ADB). Road accidents continue to be an important social and economic problem in developing countries like India. Growth in the number of motor vehicles, poor enforcement of traffic safety regulations, poor quality of roads and vehicles, and inadequate public health infrastructures are some of the road safety problems facing in India.The object of this Thesis is to present a status report on the nature of the government policy towards the Activity plans implemented till now and which has to be implemented later for the reduction of road fatalities and for the safe roads, and also giving the guidelines for financing of remedial measures, institutional framework, physical characteristics of the road, traffic control and calming measures, road safety education and enforcement is sues.The aim of the Activity plans is to analyze the present situation of road safety in India and to indicate main problems in individual sector of the Activity implemented by comparing and taking the examples of some of the ASEAN Region who are successed in implementing in the individual sectors. The effect of the programme to real safety situation is estimated, and further plans could be corrected if it is necessary. Implementation of the goals for the coming years to reduce the number of accidents at maximum extent and give people, the safe and the steady flow of traffic in India.The vision of a tremendous change next 5 to 10 years is based on a big potential for improvement and a joint effort of all involved groups on all levels of traffic safety, centrally coordinated by the National Road Safety Authorities. The Action Plan is deliberately divided into 14 key Sectors of activity in broadly the same way as the individual country road safety action plans. The sectors involve man y different disciplines and a very wide range of multi sector activities but all are based on applying scientific, methodical approaches to the problem. At the end the thesis gives the recommendations and conclusion for the safe Roads in India Road Safety Nowadays, the movement of vehicular traffic on road is increasing day by day. Every year thousands of people die in road accidents due to their or others fault. Consequently, there is a growing concern for road safety and thrust upon the knowledge of traffic rules in civic life. Ignorance of traffic rules and their non-observance results into accidents, fatal injuries or permanent physical disabilities, loss of life and damage of properties.To prevent it, there is a need to generate awareness about traffic norms and their observance at mass level. The rules of road are hard and fast and cannot be broken without danger to life or limb. While on road, we must always look ahead and judge the speed of traffic and the timings of traffic lights. Accidents occur if we are unmindful of the other users of the road. We should always keep a close watch on other road users especially pedestrians as they move slowly.We must maintain adequate distance from vehicle ahead of us. We must drive our ve hicles at specified speeds. At higher speed, the stopping distance exceeds the visual distance and therefore, it causes accidents. We should avoid sudden use of breaks, as it is risky. The best way to stop quickly is to drive slowly or to keep speeds under control. We should always keep a safe distance from large and heavy vehicles. In case, our vehicle comes between large vehicles there is a like hood of our vehicle being crushed.Since long vehicles cover more space, we must not be on its either right or left side when it is taking a turn. We must not over take vehicles as it may lead to an accident. We must follow the traffic signals as they assure us safety. There are three signals- red light, yellow light and green light. The red light indicates that we should stop. The yellow light indicates we should wait for green signal and the green signal indicates that we should start going. Road Safety Road Safety is essential in our daily life. Thus to observe the traffic rules is an important activity to ensure road safety. Road safety should first of all begin at home by teaching and instructing children about the traffic rules with some good hints on the doÃ¢â‚¬Ëœs and dontÃ¢â‚¬Ëœs. Children should also be taught the highway code and advised to follow them strictly. Hence safety rules is everybodyÃ¢â‚¬Ëœs business. Statistics has time and again shown that a great proportion of the people involved in road accidents are school children.It cannot be denied therefore that improper education is one of the major causes of accidents. There are cases where accident are caused by children running across the road without much attention, crossing behind parked vehicle, cycling two or three abreast carrying pillion riders, alighting from moving buses and cycling without due care. Therefore, they should be thought the important the road safety both at home and in schools. Exhibitions by the schools and demonstrations by the police authorities can do much in instilling in the children in a greater awareness of the dangers on the roads.As for the drivers on the road, they should always concentrate and study the situation ahead. It is very important that they anticipate road movements. They should drive safely showing consideration for others road users. The drives of heavy vehicles especially, should exercise greater consideration for those of smaller vehicles. Motorist and taxi- drivers should not exceed the speed limits and should always think of the safety of the passengers. A good driver should also know how to assess the speed and the distance of the oncoming traffic.Dangerous of overtaking has been cited as one of the major causes of road accidents. Drives in their enthusiasm or impatience overtakes other vehicles and end up in the head-on collision with other oncoming vehicles. Drives should always exercise caution and show more road sense. Motorcyclist should al ways wear safety helmet for their own safety. They should remember that prevention is better than cure. The government on their part should distribute pamphlets which warn and instill fear in road-users who are careless and inconsiderate.Posters in ivid pictorial terms which tell of the dangers and the consequences of careless reckless driving should also be imposed to act as deterrents to negligent driving. Unroadworthy vehicles such as vehicles whish are very old and in state of despair, vehicles which do not be allowed on the road until the defects are corrected. Finally all roads until the defects are reflectors should not be allowed on the roads until the defects are corrected. Finally all road-users should cultivate the virtues of consideration, tolerate, patience, caution and a respect for the highway code for everybodyÃ¢â‚¬Ëœs benefit Road Safety Road safety is increasingly becoming a major killer and a worldwide concern. A child is killed in an accident every three minutes. Everyday more than one hundred people are killed due to lack in road safety. Around six thousand people are injured due to these small mistakes of a driver. Many people look at road safety as non-essential, but this a major topic of accidents occurring every minute nowadays. . Road accident is a global tragedy with ever-raising trend. To avoid these, a driver should be careful not to break the road safety rules and maintain the road safety culture.The main reason for accidents is high speed driving. Many people are killed, left seriously injured in road accidents. Drivers must be well educated regarding road safety & what to do what not to do. Police officers have a key role in encouraging improved road-user behavior. The main causes of the car accidents are driver distractions, drunken drivers, using cellular phones while driving, speeding, aggressive dr iving, mechanical failure, road conditions and weather.Lack of discipline of the driver, refusal to follow traffic rules, lack of experience and licensing older drivers also may be a cause of these accidents. Road accidents involving children has become a major cause for concern around the world. Within recent times, there has been a dramatic increase in the number of road accidents involving children. Accidents are generally classified as single vehicle and multiple vehicle accidents. The increase of road accident is closely linked with the rapid growth of population, economics development, industrialization and motorization encountered by the country.It continues to be a growing concern to all those who use the roads. There are many other causes of accident on the road. One reason is that, nowadays people can obtain license easily. But actually, people who want to get the license must have an experience and know the rules on the road. However, we do not have a big number of experi enced drivers on the road. However, there are traffic laws that may prevent these kinds of accidents to happen, but it is still up to the driver to follow the road safety rules and maintain road safety culture. .Ã¢â‚¬

Tuesday, July 30, 2019

Engage in personal development in health Essay

Outcome 1 1. Within my role as a support worker it is my duty to support an individual to complete everyday tasks. This can be activities such as food shopping, house chores, preparing food and drinks, making and attending appointments, attending college or day centre facilities, or participating in clubs for people with special needs. I have a responsibility to ensure the activity is achievable for the client and that I am providing the right support to achieve this. 2. As a support worker I have a duty to adhere to the codes of practice set out by my employers and also to ensure I adhere to the regulations set out by law. National Occupational Standards (NOS) ensure I give the appropriate support and care to an individual. Outcome 2 1. Reflective practice means thinking about and evaluating what I do and discussing any changes which could be made. Thinking about how I could have done something differently, what I did well and what I could have done better. It also means reflecting our own values, beliefs and experiences which shape our thoughts and ideas. By continuously evaluating my performance I am able to ensure I am providing the expected level of service set out within the companyÃ¢â‚¬â„¢s guidelines. 3. Everyone has different values, beliefs and experiences. We are more likely to be friendly and welcoming to people that share the same values and beliefs as us and less friendly to those that do not. However within my role it is expected that I provide the same level of care to every individual. Identifying your own beliefs and values will enable you to be aware of your reactions to others and enable them not to impact on the way you work. This is an important part of personal and professional development. Outcome 3 1. Codes of practice are put in place to enable you to understand your role and your responsibilities. Care plans are in place for each individual and the support I am required to provide is person-centred. I have a duty to ensure I am aware of each individualÃ¢â‚¬â„¢s needs and to highlight any area I believe needs refocusing. Training should be relevant to the needs of individuals and provided by the company to ensure I adhere to regulations set out by law and the policies and procedures in place adhere to the current NOS guidelines. Outcome 4 1. Planning and reviewing my development usually takes place during planned supervision with my manager and my yearly appraisal. However I can approach either of my team leaders if I believe I require further training that is relevant to my role, they will speak with management on my behalf. Outside sources of support such as care managers, learning disabilities team or CQC may also highlight areas they feel further training is required if it is relevant to an individual I am to provide support too. Outcome 5 1. Attending training courses has enabled me to provide a level of care that is specific to the needs of the individual I am providing support too. During team meetings we may discuss serivce users and their needs. If a colleague has found something that works for them they will highlight it and it may be something I can use when working with that individual.

Monday, July 29, 2019

Peaceful Pastures

Use of simulated learning in Radiology. Current state of affair Article

Use of simulated learning in Radiology. Current state of affair - Article Example Simulator models are effective in environments that are risk-free in training skills. The models also help to improve the safety of the patients in radiology training. The Board of surgery in America has made it mandatory for surgeon trainees to undergo a simulation test before taking the summative examination. It will become an essential tool for medical practitioners just as it is for pilots (Levine, 2013: Collins, & Stern, 2008). Researchers are looking for ways of integrating technology and knowledge from areas like surgery and anesthesia to the field of radiology. Paige argues that many programmes of teaching prefer having residents to learn with simulators for time maximization with patients. Simulation aids residents in developing confidence when it comes to dealing with infrequent events that are critical. Simulation can be well merged with interventional radiology (IR) given that IR is procedural (Pasler, 1992: Patel & Joseph, 2012: Bessemer & Myers, 1998). After internalizing basic skills like tying knots, residents can advance to use of virtual reality machines which stimulate procedures like selective arterial catheterization. Embolism is one of the events that can arise and it can be dealt with through simulation. Training by simulation has performed a major role in reliability and performance improvement in radiology and medical organizations by reduction of human factors. Simulation focuses on decision making, training of clinical teams, safety of patients and management of errors. The training of teams is viewed in a multi-disciplinary way. It should be able to respond to the changing radiology environment. Advancements in teamwork have resulted to high job satisfaction, high efficiency, increased productivity and safer ways of patient care. Simulation, when integrated in radiology programmes helps to train and acts as a remedy to limited

Sunday, July 28, 2019

Women's struggle during the harlem renaissance to modern times Essay

Women's struggle during the harlem renaissance to modern times depicted through literature - Essay Example This identity emerged as a result of mass immigration from the Southern states to the cities of the north such as New York, Chicago and Washington D.C. Ã¢â‚¬Å"The Great MigrationÃ¢â‚¬ (Rau, 7) was due to the fact that even after the emancipation of the African-American slaves in 1863, the blacks suffered from segregation. The prevailing of social inequality in the Southern states and the growth of industries in the north were vital in the shifting of the ex-slaves to the New York City. It became the city of dreams, a place to uplift their positions. However for the women whether black or white Ã¢â‚¬Å"were expected to stay home and care for their familiesÃ¢â‚¬ (McKissack, 5). The situation of black women were worsened as they found it harder to get admission into colleges and had to resort to chores like Ã¢â‚¬Å"doing laundry, waiting tables, or being a nannyÃ¢â‚¬ (McKissack, 6). In this context, the Harlem Renaissance gave women the platform to express themselves. It is said that the Ã¢â‚¬Å"writers of the Harlem Renaissance occupy a crucial place in the history of the Afro-American Literature for the high artistic qualitiesÃ¢â‚¬ (Bloom, 223) as we find in Jean ToomerÃ¢â‚¬â„¢s Cane and Nella NarsenÃ¢â‚¬â„¢s Quicksand. In Cane, Toomer has shown the plight of Becky, a white woman who is treated as an outcaste for having two children by a black man but Karintha, a black woman is depicted as a woman admired by all. This novel claims to establish the supremacy of the black women over white. Quicksand is an autobiographical novel. Larsen is a child to a white mother and a black father. Therefore, in this novel she is able to depict the contradictions of living as a black woman in a society dominated by white ideology. It is a discourse on the prejudice of the white sentiment and their allegation to black women who possess inherent lasciviousness. The protagonist, Helga Crane represses her sexual desire as she fears that it may confirm to the stere otype notion about blacks as savage and

Saturday, July 27, 2019

CAD drafting software Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

CAD drafting software - Essay Example One of the reasons why autoCAD is ranked top among other CAD softwares is the fact that it is packed with features within the tool bar which are relatively easy to use and navigate. AutoCAD has all the relevant and necessary features which make usability easy while improving compatibility at the same time. It allows the user to customize the tool palettes consisting only of the tools required for the current project. AutoCAD supports a myriad of files which requires no conversion during import or export (Cohn, 16). The software is not easy to use and in addition to time consumption, there is difficulty in figuring how to use some of its features. AutoCAD is supplemented with a wide range of help and support options besides the online knowledge-base present on the website. SolidWorks is considered to be an extensive software that is meant for corporate environment and large production. SolidWorks has extensive design capabilities which makes it a very complex system. Despite the complex and extensive designs in cataloging and tolerance control, the user interface has been kept as dynamic and simple as possible. The design makes SolidWorks a design software suitable for users at all levels. SolidWorks is quite expensive; Premium version goes for $7,995, Standard for $3,995 and the Professional version at $5,490. There is minimal training required for a user to become productive and knowledgeable of SolidWorks. Besides, there is a good production demonstration video which offers design lessons (Cartwright, 12). SolidWorks has an electrical package which is highly used in electrical engineering field in designing complex circuits. It has a wide range of electrical design functionality suitable for design professionals. Google Sketch Up is free but can be upgraded to Pro version at a cost of $485 which comes with email technical support and export options. ItÃ¢â‚¬â„¢s a simple CAD software for sketching models in a 3 D space. Google Sketch up is

Friday, July 26, 2019

The philosophical position of positivism and its role int he Essay

The philosophical position of positivism and its role int he management knowledge creation process - Essay Example As described by Johnson and Duberley ( 2000) Rene Descartes, the 17th century French mathematician and philosopher was the major mover behind the idea of positivism as a concept in philosophy. It was Descartes who first brought in ideas such as using systematic skepticism as a basis for justification in a rational way that was both valid and which could be used to verify available knowledge. This whole concept is described as Ã¢â‚¬ËœCartesian DualismÃ¢â‚¬â„¢.when any attempt is being made to understand nature and events. Another major influence on positivism was the Englishman John Locke ( 1632-1704) who in 1690 , as quoted by Johnson and Duberley ( 2000, page 15) put forward the argument that :- Human beliefs about the external world only became valid when they have survived the test of experience. Galileo and Bacon and later , another philosophic Frenchman, Auguste Comte ( 1798- 1857) ( Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy 2007) would have further argued that exacting scientific met hods are the only true ,appropriate, justifiable and legitimate ways in which to accurately determine the facts when it comes to interactions and events and to the understanding of various phenomena. The epistemology of positivism places the focus upon both external internal validity, and upon objectivity as well as reliability (Thorpe and Holt, 2008) There must also be the ability to replicate because of the stress upon the use of scientific research methods and the use of evidence which is empirical. It promotes rigour (Shrivastava, 1994) in delineating the different causes and effects in a systematic way (Donaldson, 2008) and is about the actuality of scientific truth and facts which as verifiable. This has implications when it comes to knowledge creation such as the need to develop laws and theories and ways of testing the authenticity or otherwise of existing methods and theories. Donaldson (2008) argued for functionalism and positivism and pointed out that the way in which an organisation is structured is decided by the totally of the environment in which the organization operates, that is its size, and the products and services it provides, the contingencies. Contingency theory with regard to knowledge production is described by Thorpe and Holt , ( page 59, 2008).Ã¢â‚¬ most effective organizational characteristics are those that fit the contingency variables.Ã¢â‚¬ They describe structural contingency theory as being studied most often using positivistic methodology. In 2008 Donaldson stated that the Ã¢â‚¬Ëœdeterminist pictureÃ¢â‚¬â„¢ can be comprehended using positivist methods. Although non deterministic factors do affects situations , these leave a gap in knowledge which must be addressed using critical realism. This method maintains that the use of methods which are truly scientific are an attempt to discover truth, but that nothing can be really known absolutely because of the fallibility of both researchers and their tools. Therefore say Thorpe and Holt ( 2008, page 182`) Ã¢â‚¬Å"Science mustÃ‚ critically evaluate and test its knowledge claims to determine their truth content.Ã¢â‚¬ Ã‚ Interpretivism as a substitute for post positivism In contrast to positivism, the theory of interpretivism states according to Williams ( 2001 cited in Clarke, 2009, p29) that Ã¢â‚¬Å"there are distinct Ã¢â‚¬Ëœways of knowingÃ¢â‚¬â„¢ between which there is no way of according common standards.Ã¢â‚¬ Interpretivism, sometimes referred to as the hermeneutics approach (Thorpe and Holt, 2008) is about ontology i.e. the metaphysics of nature, as opposed to epistemology i.e. the nature of knowledge. Interpretivism implies no separation between the subject and its researcher. It is a way of enabling researchers to make use of qualitative methods. They use such things as case studies, ethnography and phenomenology. They interpret their situations and behaviour, while at the same time allowing interaction with participants. . Such qualitative meth od

Thursday, July 25, 2019

An Approach to Productive Feedback for Teachers Essay

An Approach to Productive Feedback for Teachers - Essay Example First and foremost, Krissia Martinez started her article by presenting the struggle that teachers face, of which after an observation, became a required part of their evaluation systems in many states and districts. The author believes that there is a relationship between feedback and conversations, potentially the related coaching and teacherÃ¢â‚¬â„¢s performance evaluations. In addition, the author believes that the relationship makes teachers weary and anxious, feeling threatened during classroom observations. Of course, anyone could feel the same if the observations are based on a certain area with no clear protocols, useful feedback or coaching ways with no helpful information and professional support (Martinez, 1). Also, Krissia Martinez explained the reasons that make teachers struggle during classroom observations. Then, she provides strategies to enhance the post-observation feedback conversation by The Carnegie Foundation, which is the key point of her article. The various strategies include an individual starting a conversation with a positive statement; good listening skills, addressing teacherÃ¢â‚¬â„¢s concerns, co-developing next steps, and sequencing the conversation into a predictable format (Martinez,

Wednesday, July 24, 2019

Marketing Management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words - 1

Marketing Management - Essay Example The company employs about 55,000 people in over 200 countries around the world. In India, Cadbury has been operating for more than 55 years as CadburyÃ¢â‚¬â„¢s India, a wholly owned subsidiary of CadburyÃ¢â‚¬â„¢s Schweppes. It has been ranked 5th in he FMCG sector in a survey conducted by Business World magazine (Scribd, 2009) In India, the company caters to three main segments: 1. Chocolates Ã¢â‚¬â€œ CadburyÃ¢â‚¬â„¢s are the market leaders in India in this segment with over 70% market share. The leading brands in this category include the Dairy Milk, Crackle, Fruit & Nut, Temptations, 5 Star, Perk & Celebration Gift Boxes. The company has been able to change the cultural habits of the Indian that has traditional not eaten chocolates (Leahy, 2009). While the company has about 70% share of the chocolates market and about 15% of the food drinks market in India, as far as the sugar confectionery is concerned, CadburyÃ¢â‚¬â„¢s share is a mere 4% share in this category (Value Notes 2009). The sugar confectionery category contributes mere 12% to the companyÃ¢â‚¬â„¢s revenue and the company is not expecting any major success in the short run. Competitive brands such as HersheyÃ¢â‚¬â„¢s of the US are tying up with well known brands such as Godrej in India (Gopalan, 2007). This would give tough competition to CadburyÃ¢â‚¬â„¢s. This report would evaluate the marketing mix of CadburyÃ¢â‚¬â„¢s in India and recommend the marketing mix to augment the sales of sugar confectionery in the Indian market. The confectionery industry is highly competitive in any market and each company has to compete with many multi-national, regional and national brands (Scribd, 2009). Competition revolves around taste, quality, price, packaging and advertising and promotional programs. Globally the chocolate confectionery market is very strong but the sugar confectionary market is fragmented. The Indian sugar confectionery market includes products such as sweets, jellies and

Australian Income Tax Law Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Australian Income Tax Law - Essay Example The expense of government to the individuals of a great nation is like the expense of management to the joint tenants of a great estate, who are all obliged to contribute in proportion to their respective interests in the estate. In the observation or neglect of this maxim consists what is called the equality or inequality of taxation. Every tax, it must be observed once for all, which falls finally upon one only of the three sorts of revenue above mentioned, is necessarily unequal in so far as it does not affect the other two. Looking at income tax rates methodology, we see that a taxpayer's income is taxed progressively. Broadly, this means that as you earn more income your average tax rate rises. And itÃ¢â‚¬â„¢s really fair! Progressive taxation means that higher income earners pay more tax than lower income earners. The Government defined a maximum sum, which is not taxed Ã¢â‚¬â€œ$6000. LetÃ¢â‚¬â„¢s imagine, that your income is equal to X. Then if your income lays between youÃ¢â‚¬â„¢ll pay 17% from (X-$6,000) sum. If your income is , you must pay more - $2,652 (according to previous rule) and 30% from (X-$21,600) sum, etc. This is achieved by taxing a range of income brackets as a set percentage or cents in the dollar. These income brackets are called tax brackets. The following tables detail the tax brackets of our progressive tax system for the financial years ending 30 June 2005 and 30 June 2006.

Tuesday, July 23, 2019

The chuseok Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

The chuseok - Essay Example Culture is very important to the people of the world. According to the dictionary, culture is defined as Ã¢â‚¬Å"the totality of socially transmitted behavior patterns, arts, beliefs, institutions, and all other products of human work and thoughtÃ¢â‚¬ (The American HeritageÃ‚ ® Dictionary). Culture allows people to experience the world and carry out daily functions based on their traditions. We often learn our culture from the people in our environment, such as family members, close friends, and our community. Culture consists of the foods that we cook and eat, our living arrangements, communication with society, and our behavior. In order to get a full picture of Korean culture in my speech today I am going to give you a glimpse into a celebration that is called Chuseok or Korean Thanksgiving! I first learned of this holiday when an acquaintance of mine travelled overseas to Korea. When I learned more about Chuseok, I realized just how close the similarities were to our Thanksgiving holiday. Chuseok is celebrated on the 15th day of the 8th lunar month. It is the most important holiday to the Korean people. It is a time in which they honor their ancestors and give thanks for the fall harvest. Although there are no pilgrims in Korea, ancestors are similarly valued. Students and parents alike rarely take time off in Korea but during this holiday everything shuts down. People join their families to celebrate, bearing harvest fruits or vegetables. The celebration begins in the morning when food and wine is offered to the spirits of the late ancestors. (EncyclopÃƒ ¦dia Britannica. 2010) After this the families often go to visit the graves of their ancestors and care for the site. I recently interviewed a young Korean about the celebrations. He told me the following: Ã¢â‚¬Å"All Korean children look forward to Chuseok as one of the funnest times of year. The food is delicious and the fact that you are surrounded by brothers and sisters and

Monday, July 22, 2019

Mice and Men Essay Example for Free

Mice and Men Essay There are a number of characters in Of Mice and Men who have dreams of a better life. These characters include George, Lennie and Candy, who dream of a farm of their own, and Curleys wife, who dreams of becoming a glamorous Hollywood actress. In this essay I will discuss their dreams and the effects on the novels characters when their dreams are unfulfilled. The central characters in Of Mice and Men are George and Lennie. Their dream is introduced to the reader in the first chapter, OK. Someday were gonna get the jack together and were gonna have a little house and a couple of acres an a cow and some pigs and An live off the fatta the lan, Lennie shouted. An have rabbits. George and Lennies dream is to leave behind their lives as travelling workers and have a place of their own where they can settle down. For Lennie the dream of living on their own farm is closely connected to looking after rabbits. Perhaps this is because the only way that Lennie can actually relate to the dream is through the idea of something practical and touchable which relates to his tactile qualities. Clearly, the material aspect of owning his own land means very little to Lennie. At the start of the novel we learn that Lennie likes to pet soft things, like mice and rabbits. It is this trait that eventually leads to Lennies downfall when he tries to smooth Curleys wifes soft hair. However, for George the dream of the farm has other benefits. Firstly, George can see the practical, economic advantage of owning their own place. If I was bright, if I was even a little bit smart, Id have my own little place, an Id be bringin in my own crops, stead of doin all the work and not getting what comes up outta the ground. Yet it is not just the practical benefits of owning a farm that attract George to this dream. We learn that George has no family I aint got no people, and it seems as though the dream of a farm also represents the notion of home to George. An wed keep a few pigeons to go flyin around the winmill like they done when I was a kid Wed jus live there. Wed belong there. So, for George, the dream of a farm offers a psychological antidote to his rootless, travelling life and gives him a sense of belonging. Another attraction of the farm dream is that it gives George the promise of some sense of control and autonomy in his life. In his conversation with Candy about owning a farm, George says: Spose they was a carnival or a circus come to town, or a ball game, or any damn thing. Old Candy nodded in appreciation of the idea. Wed just go to her, George said. We wouldnt ask nobody if we could. Jus say Well go to her, an we would. This shows how powerless George feels in his life and how much power employers exercised over their workers at that time. Another example of George and Lennies powerlessness is shown after Lennies fight with Curley, the bosss son; when Georges immediate concern is that they will be canned or dismissed. However, in this situation, they retain their jobs because Slim steps in and persuades Curley to say he got his hand caught in a machine. In Chapter 2 when George and Lennie discuss their dream they are overheard by Candy, the old swamper. Candy is immediately swept up with the idea of owning their own farm and offers his savings to them to make the dream come true. At this point in the novel it seems as if the dream could actually become a reality. They fell into silence. They looked at one another, amazed. This thing they had never really believed in was coming true. George said reverently, Jesus Christ! I bet we could swing her. His eyes were full of wonder. What is interesting is that at this point in the novel the dream of the farm actually moves from being a pipe dream which will probably never happen, to an achievable goal which is actually within their grasp. It is Candys involvement that makes this change take place. Although Candy shares Georges reasons for wanting a farm, there is also an extra dimension for Candy wanting to live on their own place. We get the sense that Candy feels redundant, useless and vulnerable because he is old and has lost his hand. Candy feels uneasy about his future: Theyll can me purty soon. Jus as soon as I cant swamp out no bunk houses theyll put me on the county. So for Candy the dream of the farm means independence nobody could can us, because in his present situation he is entirely dependent on the bosss tolerance and charity. In the novel, this is partially demonstrated by Carlson shooting Candys dog earlier that evening. In an echo of Candys own situation of the ranch, Carlson, without much pity or concern, shoots Candys dog because he is old and it is inconvenient to keep him because of the smell. It is not hard to imagine that Candy feels there is a parallel between his own situation and his dogs. Candys attachment to the dream of their own farm is demonstrated in Chapter 5 when he realises that all hopes of the dream have come crashing down when he discovers Curleys wifes dead body: You God damn tramp, he said viciously. You done it, dint you? I spose youre glad. Everbody knowed youd mess things up If they was a circus or a baseball game we would of went to her Never ast nobodys say so.

Sunday, July 21, 2019

Social Policy Essays Social Policy For Sex Offenders

Social Policy Essays Social Policy For Sex Offenders Social Policy For Sex Offenders ChildrenÃ¢â‚¬â„¢s protection and safety has become a prominent legislative issue of the 90s and for the millennium. It appears that more and more legislation will continue to be introduced and passed for the best interest of children. The goal is to stop crime against our children in this generation, but for some children it is too late: Anthony Martinez, Polly Klaas, Megan Kanga, the children we did not read about and, unfortunately, those we will be reading about. This paper will discuss MeganÃ¢â‚¬â„¢s law (See Appendix A), which requires the registration and notification to communities of released sex offenders. Child abuse legislation proved to be an agenda leader for two other sets of issues: those relating to child care and those relating to personal violence. Child abuse, especially sexual, has infused parents and communities with renewed moral outrage and provided intellectual and political connections to long-standing issues, such as child safety and protection. But perhaps more interestingly, crime legislation gave legitimacy and currency to the consideration of the allied issues of violence, autonomy, and physical safety, including the sexual abuse of children, domestic violence and rape ( Nelson, 1984). Get help with your essay from our expert essay writers Bierker (1989) defined sexual abuse as a sexual activity perpetrated on a child by an older person through coercion. The child lacks the emotional and physical maturity to resist what amounts to abuse of the older personÃ¢â‚¬â„¢s position of authority and power. Abuse, by definition, causes pain to the child at the time of the abuse and, unless the abuse is disclosed and dealt with, later in his or her life. In recent high profile cases, the children all appeared to have been sexually abused before they were murdered. Sexual abuse of a child generally moves through increasingly intimate activity. Perpetrators carefully plan not only the abuse, but also arrange for a private place to do it. Parents often give the perpetrator access to their child unwittingly. For example, they may allow their child to engage in group activities which are lead by an unknown perpetrator. MeganÃ¢â‚¬â„¢s Law seeks to identify known pedophiles and allow parents to inform and teach their children to avoid these offenders. Sexual offenders are a large and growing part of the prison population. In 1980 state prisons held 20, 500 sex offenders; in 1990 there were 63,600; and in 1994 their were 88, 100. They grew not only in number, but also as a percentage of an expanding state prison population: 6.9 percent of 295,819 inmates in 1980; 9.7 percent of 906, 112 in 1994. In 1991, at least 20 percent of the adult prison population in ten states were sex offenders. Community in-patient and out-patient programs specializing in treating sex offenders have proliferated. Still, it appears that relatively few incarcerated sex offenders actually receive treatment. There is insufficient research to establish consistent estimates of recidivism or to identify effective treatments ( Department of Justice, statistics, 1996). The current climate is severely punitive. Many citizensÃ¢â‚¬â„¢ approach is to lock-up all the criminals and never release them. The public seems determined to prevent these individuals from committing new crimes no matter the cost. As a result, by August, 1995, 43 states had enacted statutes requiring offenders to register with a central agency or with a law enforcement agency located in the community into which they are released. In late July 1994, seven-year-old Megan Kanka was raped and strangled to death. Such tragedies are periodically reported in our daily periodical across the country, but the difference here was that MeganÃ¢â‚¬â„¢s killer lived across the street from the Kanka family in Hamilton Township, New Jersey. Further, the neighbor had served time in Avenel, a facility for sex offenders in New Jersey. The man had been convicted of molesting children twice previously, but the community knew nothing of his background. MeganÃ¢â‚¬â„¢s parents and neighbors learned of Jesse TimmendequaÃ¢â‚¬â„¢s history only after he was arrested on July 30, 1994, and had confessed to the murder. MeganÃ¢â‚¬â„¢s parents, Richard and Maureen Kanka, and their neighbors organized and angrily confronted their city council as to why they were not informed as to the establishment of this Ã¢â‚¬Å"house for sex offendersÃ¢â‚¬ in their family-oriented community. They demanded that the laws be changed so as allow communities to protect themselves from released sex offenders. Jansson defines policy practice as Ã¢â‚¬Å"efforts to influence the development, enactment, implementation, or assessment of social policiesÃ¢â‚¬ through the utilization of policy practice skills (which he identifies as analytic, political, interactional, and value-clarification), and the performance of policy practice tasks (setting agendas, defining problems, making proposals, enacting policy, implementing policy, and assessing policy) (Jansson, 1994). With the fall elections approaching, and several Republican anti-crime initiatives stalled in the Senate, Republicans pushed four bills through the House on May 7, 1995 to crack down on sex offenders, witness tampering, stalkers and those who prey on children and the elderly. The Senate cleared the bill (HR 2137) on sex offenders by voice vote May 9, 1995, and President Clinton signed the bill into law. Republicans were hoping that the bills, which dealt with relatively small issues, would resonate with the public and help their party in November. They spotlighted members that were facing tough reelection campaigns as sponsors of three bills. The sexual offender bill was sponsored by Dick Zimmer, Republican from New Jersey, who was in a tight race for the senate seat being vacated by Bill Bradley. The House debate began on an emotional note, and members quickly passed legislation that would require states and localities to inform communities when dangerous sexual offenders were released from prison. The vote was 418-0 . (See Appendix B). The 1994 crime bill (Pub. L 103-322) requires sex offenders to register their address with local police, and it allows this information to be publicized to preserve safety. The House bill sought to make release of this information mandatory. States that did not comply could lose part of their federal crime fighting funds. The bill also would change a section of the crime law that required states to classify as private all information collected when registering sexual offenders. The bill would allow each state to determine what information is private and what is public (Congressional Quarterly, May 11, 1996). President Clinton strongly supported the bills respecting crimes against children and the elderly. On May 17, 1996, he signed MeganÃ¢â‚¬â„¢s Law. He has been an advocate for children since he was governor of Arkansas. The following is an except from the ceremony that took at the White House: Ã¢â‚¬Å"This has been a week in which our country is moving to combat crime and violence. A couple of days ago we awarded over 9, 000 new police officers to some 2,500 communities. That brings us to 43,000 police officers in 20 months along the road to our goal of 100,000. WeÃ¢â‚¬â„¢re ahead of schedule and under budget.Ã¢â‚¬ Ã¢â‚¬Å"But today, the valiant presence of five American parents reminds us that this fight against crime is so much more a fight for peace and for safety for our people and especially for our children.Ã¢â‚¬ Ã¢â‚¬Å"I thank the Congress for passing it. I thank those who led the fight. And I thank these families more than anything else. God Bless you all.Ã¢â‚¬ (See Appendix C). The Jacob Wetterling Crimes against Children and Sexually Violent Offender Registration Act provides a financial incentive for states to establish effective registration systems for released child molesters and other sexually violent offenders. States that fail to establish conforming registration systems will be subjected to a 10 percent reduction of formula Byrne Grant funding, and resulting surplus funds will be reallocated to states that are in compliance. Unlike MeganÃ¢â‚¬â„¢s Law, the Jacob Wetterling Act permitted, but did not require, states to release registration information to the extent necessary to protect the public. In California, state legislation implementing MeganÃ¢â‚¬â„¢s Law was passed in September of 1996 (AB 1562 ). The California Department of Justice issued policy and training procedures for local law enforcement agencies directing implementation of MeganÃ¢â‚¬â„¢s Law beginning in July, 1997. As of July, 1997, any citizen can request from their local law enforcement agency, a CD ROM containing information, including photographs, of sexual offenders released into the local community. Police and parole agents will be required to notify the community of sexual offenders residing in the neighborhood. In California, Governor Wilson has attempted to go further still, proposing that sex offenders be required to register for life. The rationale underlying such laws is simple: identify all convicted and released sexual offenders, and the community will be able to take action to protect themselves. Notification, according to some, Ã¢â‚¬Å"could prevent some tragedies from happening again.Ã¢â‚¬ Notification is also expected to improve public safety because the public will be able to identify and report risky behavior by sex offenders (e.g. conversing with children, buying sex-oriented magazines) that might escalate into criminal behavior if ignored. The effectiveness of notification probably depends to a considerable degree on the provisions of the state statute, the resources that states and localities are able and willing to provide for implementing the statute, and the dedication and expertise of probation officers, police officers and prosecutors. Notification is most likely to be effective if it is accompanied by extensive community education and carried out by specialist. ( Finn, 1997) Agenda setting stage. Laws regarding sexual abuse came into being in the late 1970s as professionals and the public became aware of the prevalence of this form of child abuse. Since that time, the legal framework has developed dramatically in response to vicious crimes against children. Perhaps no type of crime has received more attention in recent years than crimes against children involving sexual acts and violence. Several recent tragic cases have focused public attention on this type of crime and resulted in public demand that government take stronger action against those who commit those crimes. Specifically, it was the murder of a little girl at the hands of this Ã¢â‚¬Å"unidentifiedÃ¢â‚¬ sex offender that served the purpose of getting legislatorsÃ¢â‚¬â„¢ and the publicÃ¢â‚¬â„¢s attention. A victim of sexual abuse himself, Mark J. Welsh argued that identifying offenders would protect children and help prevent molesters from abusing again. Further, he argued that molesters would be recognized everywhere they went, and no one would allow them to be near children. There was no real opposition to this argumentÃ¢â‚¬â€ the laws had to be changed. Another important component of the agenda setting stage is the political demand exerted by large voting constituencies and lobbyists. Children do not vote, but parents, relatives, teachers, grass roots organizations, the Child Welfare League of America, and others do strongly represent them in the political arena. In the case of MeganÃ¢â‚¬â„¢s Law, support was bipartisan and unanimous. Further, Congress passed Title VII of the Violent Crime Control and Law Enforcement Act of 1994 (Public Law 103-322). That law, entitled the Ã¢â‚¬Å"Jacob Wetterling Crimes Against Children and Sexually Violent Offender Registration Act,Ã¢â‚¬ encouraged states to establish a system where every person who commits a sexual or kidnapping crime against children or who commits sexually violent crime against any person (whether adult or child) would be required to register his address upon release from prison. As further protection, the 1994 Act required states to allow law enforcement agencies to release Ã ¢â‚¬Å"relevant informationÃ¢â‚¬ about an offender as necessary to protect the public (Columbia Law, 1995). This community notification provision has been the subject of considerable controversy. MeganÃ¢â‚¬â„¢s Law has been challenged by civil libertarians as a violation of sex offendersÃ¢â‚¬â„¢ constitutional rights. However, MeganÃ¢â‚¬â„¢s Law has thus far survived court challenges. Yet, this has not stopped the American Civil Liberties Union (ACLU), a legal organization dedicated to defending the Constitution, from attacking the constitutionality of notification requirements. The ACLU and others argue that it is unconstitutional to treat sex offenders differently from other violent criminals. Further, the ACLU argues, most sex offenses are committed by people we are not aware are dangerous: friends and relatives and others we do not know about. Community notification tends to generate hysteria about a small group of people for a short period of time. It does not solve the problem, it merely moves ex-offenders around as they are driven from community to community. Moreover, although the ostensible purpose of notification is to permit citizens to take precautions to protect themselves, these laws tend to encourage a state of anxiety which is not helpful to rationally addressing the issue. They also tend to encourage vigilantism. In Washington state, a a released child molester, who had presumedly paid his debt to society, was himself a victim of death threats, assaults and the burning of his home by enraged residents who took the law into their own hands (ACLU, press release, August, 19, 1994). In addition, critics aruge, this law often treats gay men as child molesters and rapists. Years ago, gay men were routinely arrested on felony lewd conduct charges. These were people who were basically engaging in consensual sex with other adults. Although MeganÃ¢â‚¬â„¢s Law ostensibly targets sexual predators, the gay community fears that persons arrested for being gay will be identified as sex offenders. Problem defining stage. The problem is whether all released sex offenders should register or not. Different states have relied on different methods of developing notification criteria and as a result, have come up with different criteria. The focus is on developing guidelines for classifying offenders according to the risk they present (low, moderate, high). States have adopted varying criteria to be employed in this classification process. These include the seriousness of the offense, offense history, characteristics of the offender and community support. Proposal writing stage. The bill was included as a special provision in the Federal Violent Crime Control and Law Enforcement Act of 1994 (the Ã¢â‚¬Å"ActÃ¢â‚¬ ). At the time it was probably written from an ecological perspective due to MeganÃ¢â‚¬â„¢s brutal death and the elections. The bill does potentially Ã¢â‚¬Å"sweep upÃ¢â‚¬ too many people. Policy enacting stage. Congressmen Zimmer and the Republican party seized upon MeganÃ¢â‚¬â„¢s death to raise an issue during an election year that no one could possibly oppose: protecting neighborhoods from persons likely to commit heinous sexual crimes. Such conditions encourage politicians to introduce bills that are supported by little, if any, responsible research. In my research for this paper, I spoke to Mr. Greg OÃ¢â‚¬â„¢Gorman, an aide to Senator Feinstein. He confirmed the obvious: no politician would oppose MeganÃ¢â‚¬â„¢s Law because no one wanted to be identified with sexual offenders. Furthermore, he reported that Senator Feinstein has introduced a bill that will Ã¢â‚¬Å"lock upÃ¢â‚¬ a sexual offenders convicted twice of sexual crimes. He stated that the senator has received no opposition from her colleagues. It is unknown if she consulted with mental health practitioners, social workers, or other professionals in order to determine the efficacy of her bill or alternatives to incarceration, such as treatment to prevent recidivism. The policy implementing stage. Law enforcement agencies, parole agents, and other designated practitioners are being directed to enforce MeganÃ¢â‚¬â„¢s Law. Each state is implementing MeganÃ¢â‚¬â„¢s Law differently. For example, in California all sex offendersÃ¢â‚¬â€whether adult or juvenileÃ¢â‚¬â€must register. Communities will be notified of adults classified as Ã¢â‚¬Å"high riskÃ¢â‚¬ or Ã¢â‚¬Å"seriousÃ¢â‚¬ sex offenders. (See Appendix D). There are 70,000 sex offenders in California. It is uncertain how many of these will eventually be classified as Ã¢â‚¬Å"high riskÃ¢â‚¬ or Ã¢â‚¬Å"seriousÃ¢â‚¬ offenders. Policy assessing stage. The ACLU and Lambda Legal Defense and Education fund (LLDEF) have joined together to challenge this law on constitutional grounds. The ACLU and LLDEF argue that in many cases notification does more harm than good. They conclude that if information is to be disclosed publicly, it must be limited to that necessary to counteract the offenderÃ¢â‚¬â„¢s dangerousnous. ( ACLU, press release, August 19, 1994). Still, MeganÃ¢â‚¬â„¢s Law is being implemented. In Placencia, California, police notified the community that a twice-convicted child molester, Sid Landau, was residing in their community. The community responded by organizing demonstrations in front of his residence. Some threatened him. Mr. Landau had to obtain legal representation in an attempt to stop the harassment. According to his lawyer, T. Matthew Phillips, Mr. Landau has been through Ã¢â‚¬Å"hell.Ã¢â‚¬ He argues that his client has been unfairly singled-out, that he paid for his crimes and should not be permitted to reenter society. Detective Corinne Loomis of the Placencia Police Department had hoped that people would eventually accept that Mr. Landau and others like him are going to be living in the community, and to appreciate that the best response is be aware and protective. That is what MeganÃ¢â‚¬â„¢s Law was designed to do,Ã¢â‚¬ she said. Ã¢â‚¬Å"It was not designed to whip people into frenzy and have them run somebody out on a railÃ¢â‚¬ (L.A. Times, 3-8-97). On April 25, 1997, Sid Landau was arrested for assaulting a cameraman who was following him. In another case, an 18-year-old male from Wisconsin was convicted of a Ã¢â‚¬Å"lewd act with a minor.Ã¢â‚¬ He faces 40 years in prison and, if convicted, he will have to register as a sex offender for life. This young manÃ¢â‚¬â„¢s crime was having consensual sex with his 15-year-old girlfriend. The girlfriend got pregnant, and the young man dropped out of school in order to marry and support the girl. A social worker reported this case to the prosecutorÃ¢â‚¬â„¢s office, and he was charged and convicted. The young man has the support of his community and plans to appeal his conviction. THE INTERVIEWS In this section I disucss two interviews I conducted regarding MeganÃ¢â‚¬â„¢s Law. I could have interviewed anyone because we will all be involved with this law: law enforcement, which will be responsible for notifying citizens, as well as average citizens who happen to live in communities into which sex offenders are released. 1) Jacqueline Waltman Parole agent, California Department of Corrections. Ms. Waltman supervises adult parolees in the San Fernando Valley. 2) Gail Blucher Mother and President of the local Parents and Teachers Association (PTA). Ms. Blucher is resident of the Santa Clarita Valley. Ms. Waltman does not agree with MeganÃ¢â‚¬â„¢s Law as it is written. Although she will be obliged to enforce it, she believes that many sex offenders will go Ã¢â‚¬Å"undergroundÃ¢â‚¬ in order to avoid registration requirements. Once underground, Ms. Waltman argues, these individuals will be more likely to molest more children. Further, she believes that a state of anxiety will be created in the communities encouraging the growth of vigilante groups. She believes her job will be more difficult as a result of supervising parolees in a community that is openly hostile to the paroleesÃ¢â‚¬â„¢ presence. She recognizes that the Department of Corrections does not provide sex offenders with effective therapy, if it provides any at all. Moreover, she stated that many sex offenders are warned by prison guards not to disclose their crime to fellow inmates so as not to provoke attacks upon themselves. Therefore, many do not request therapy during incarceration. Parole agent Waltman believes that sex offenders cannot be rehabilitated and should remain in prison for the rest of their lives. She nevertheless hopes that they can be treated and rehabilitated. She stated that her priority will always be the safety and protection of children. Jacqueline Waltman works part-time for the Los Angeles County Department of Children and Family Services at the Emergency Response Command Post (ERCP). She worked full-time for more than twenty years for the same department. Mrs. Blucher is a full-time homemaker and she is very involved in her seven-year-old daughterÃ¢â‚¬â„¢s extracurricular activities. She is married. She has recently gotten involved with the Ã¢â‚¬Å"neighborhood watchÃ¢â‚¬ community program that works with the local sheriffÃ¢â‚¬â„¢s department. Mrs. Blucher is anxiously anticipating MeganÃ¢â‚¬â„¢s Law. She believes, quite obviously, that children need a safe neighborhood, and supports notification . However, she stated that she could not participate in Ã¢â‚¬Å"evictingÃ¢â‚¬ anyone from her neighborhood, but did not want sex offenders to live anywhere near her family. She strongly believes that sex offenders never change. She stated that the criminal justice system releases criminals too early, especially sex offenders. She supports Assemblyman Bob MargettÃ¢â‚¬â„¢s (R-Arcadia) bill requiring that convicted child molesters wear electronic monitoring bracelets upon their release from prison. (I contacted the AssemblymanÃ¢â‚¬â„¢s office regarding this bill. His aide reported that the bill passed without any opposition). She is looking forward to working with the Ã¢â‚¬Å"neighborhood watchÃ¢â‚¬ program to make children aware that her house is a designated safe house and that they are allowed to request assistance if they needed too. LETTER TO EXECUTIVE DIRECTOR RAMONA RIPSTON- ACLU 15920 Calle El Capitan Green Valley, CA 91350 Ms. Ramona Ripston Executive Director American Civil Liberties Union 1616 Beverly Blvd. Los Angeles, California, 90026 April 24, 1997 Dear Ms. Ripston My name is Xiomara Flores-Holguin and I am a graduate social work student at the University of Southern California. I am writing you in support of the American Civil Liberties Union, Southern California chapterÃ¢â‚¬â„¢s position on MeganÃ¢â‚¬â„¢s Law. I agree with the ACLUÃ¢â‚¬â„¢s argument that notifying communities of sex offendersÃ¢â‚¬â„¢ presence may cause more harm than good. First, released sex offenders are going to live somewhere. I am concerned about Ã¢â‚¬Å"not-in-my-backyardÃ¢â‚¬ vigilantism that will encouraged if citizens are not properly educated on bounds of appropriate action to take when notified of the presence of a sex offender in their communities. Second, there is little evidence that the Department of Corrections addresses the problem when the sex offenders are in prison. They cannot reassure society that these sex offenders are rehabilitated because they do not provide them any treatment. Also, we cannot forget that many former Ã¢â‚¬Å"sex offendersÃ¢â‚¬ have never presented a threat to society. I refer to gay people convicted of lewd acts for engaing in consensual sex with other adults. Will MeganÃ¢â‚¬â„¢s Law require that these victims of homophobia be identified as Ã¢â‚¬Å"sex offendersÃ¢â‚¬ living in our midst? I wanted to express my appreciation and gratitude to the American Civil Liberties Union for your ongoing work in defending the Constitution of ALL people, whether we like them or not. Thurgood Marshall once asked, Ã¢â‚¬Å"Mental health and the law what if anything do they have in common?Ã¢â‚¬ He responded that both are concerned with the aspirations and problems of the human condition, and both deal with human rights and human responsibilities. Let us continue in our commitment to work on behalf of ALL people. Thank you. Sincerely, M. Xiomara Flores-Holguin MSW Graduate Student CONCLUSION At the beginning of this assignment, I believed that I had a strong position as to MeganÃ¢â‚¬â„¢s Law and felt that this law was almost perfect. However, as a social worker, I recognized that the law was supported by little empirical research. I realize that no policy analysis is ever complete, that it is impossible to discover all of the data (data are essentially infinite) and to ask all of the possible questions. Policy analysis is always an approximation of the ideal and, as such, decisions are always made on the basis of incomplete data (Karger Stoesz, 1994). Karger and Stoesz (1994) argue that despite a nominal reliance on an analytical framework, social policy analysis in the Ã¢â‚¬Å"real worldÃ¢â‚¬ is to some degree always biased. Because policy is analyzed by human beings, it is always done through the mirror of the analystÃ¢â‚¬â„¢s value system, ideological beliefs, and particular understanding of the goals and purposes of social welfare. Subjectivity is reflected in the omission (conscious or otherwise) of facts or questions, or in the relative weight given to one variable at the expense of others. Also, political pressure may be put on the policy analyst to come up with recommendations that are acceptable to a certain interest group. Regardless of the causes of subjectivity, policy analysis is always an approximation of the ideal, in effect an informed anticipation as to the effects of a policy or a set of policies. I believe that we need to stop crime against children in this generation. Furthermore, we need to identify and help those children that will be capable of continuing this cycle of crime as adults. The imprisoned sex offender, the released sex offender, and the unknown sex offender were children once, too. We should therapeutically treat the juvenile as soon as they are identified as potential offenders. We should not give up on people by Ã¢â‚¬Å"locking them upÃ¢â‚¬ An African proverb admonishes us, Ã¢â‚¬Å"It takes a village.Ã¢â‚¬ Let us take more responsibility. I will be pursuing a Community, Organization, Planning and Administration, concentration next year. I realized long ago that I wish to empower clients and advocate for them. I want to do so at the macro level. REFERENCES American Civil Liberties Union. (August 19, 1994). Press Release. Registration and community notification of convicted sex offender. ACLU Washington Office publication. Bierker, S.B. (1989). About sexual abuse. Springfield, Illinois: Charles C. Thomas Publisher. Brown, J.M. , Gilliard, D.F., Snell, T.L. , Stephan, J.J., Wilson, D.J. (1996). Correctional populations in the United States. U.S. Department of Justice, Bureau of Justice Statistics : Washington, D.C. publication. Finn, P. (1997, February). U.S. Department of Justice, Statistics on sex offender community notification. Rockville, Maryland: National Institute of Justice Publications. Jansson, B. (1994). Social policy: from theory to policy practice. Pacific Grove: Brooks/Cole. Karger, H.J., Stoesz, D. (1994). American social welfare policy: a pluralist approach. New York: Longman. Nelson, B. J. (1984). Making an Issue of Child Abuse. Chicago: The University Press. Palmer, E. A. (1996). GOP pushes four crime bills through the House. Congressional Quarterly. p. 1305. Richardson, L. Target of MeganÃ¢â‚¬â„¢s Law Moves, Causing Stir. Loa Angeles Times, March 8, 1997, p.A20. Schopf, Simon (1995). Ã¢â‚¬Å"MeganÃ¢â‚¬â„¢s LawÃ¢â‚¬ : Community notification and the Constitution. Columbia Journal of Law. 29 (117), 118-146. Welch, M.J. (1994). Press Release. Publicizing child molesters in your community. Personal mailing.

Saturday, July 20, 2019

Activities in a Childcare at Home Setting

Activities in a Childcare at Home Setting IDENTIFY THE CORRECT DOCUMENT REQUIRED FOR CHILDCAREÃ‚ IN A HOME SETTING The correct document for setting up a Child Minding Business, which will receive approvalÃ‚ from OFSTED, (an Independent Regulatory Body) for schools includes; 1) Child Record Form : This form must contain the ChildÃ¢â‚¬â„¢s Name, Date of Birth, the parent/carersÃ¢â‚¬â„¢Ã‚ Address and contact details, the DoctorÃ¢â‚¬â„¢s name and address, details of two emergency contacts,Ã‚ Medical history, Immunisations (DTP, Whooping Cough, MMR, Hib, Chickenpox), any allergies,Ã‚ Dietary, Medical conditions, Religion (if any). This Record Form provides importantÃ‚ information about the child being cared for and will be the first form to be accesses in case ofÃ‚ emergency. 2) Child Information Record Form: This book is to write down in information required by OFSTED.Ã‚ The document contains daily reports about the child being cared for. This includes: food eaten,Ã‚ Nappies changed (if necessary) or anything that happens to the child during the day. ThisÃ‚ Information book can be A4 or A5 binding exercise book. It must be taken home every dayÃ‚ or weekly by the parent so that they will be aware of what their child is learning or doing inÃ‚ the Care setting. This book also enables the parent and the Child Care Provider to communicateÃ‚ every day on matters that are not urgent. 3) Child Care Agreement Form: This form contains the contract agreement between the ParentÃ‚ and the Care Provide. The agreement form contain necessary information such as childÃ¢â‚¬â„¢s contactÃ‚ details, parent/guardian information, starting date, Days and hours the child will attend theÃ‚ Care Setting, collection time, payment and fees paid to the Care Provider. This form can beÃ‚ purchased through the National Association of Child Minders (NCMA). This association canÃ‚ also provide Legal issues if there is any. The form contains what the parent is agreeing on. 4) Accident Record and Incident Form: This form provides full report of any accident thatÃ‚ have occurred, where it happened, name of any person present at the time and the typeÃ‚ assistance or First Aid given to the child (if any). Also, the form must include date, nameÃ‚ and signature of the person who filled the form. There is also a section in the form thatÃ‚ the Parent of the Child must sign to confirm that they are aware of the accident.Ã‚ A duplicate copy should be made in case the parent needs a copy. The Incident form is toÃ‚ write down what may happen after the accident. Like depression or upsetting the child. 5) Existing Injuries Form: This form is to document what happened before the chidÃ‚ started the Child Care setting. Any mark or injury found on the child, must be written downÃ‚ on this form before the parent drop the child. The parent and the Care provider must signÃ‚ the form that they are aware of the injury. The form must be dated. 6) Fire Safety Form: In case of fire outbreak in a Child Care Home, this form is needed toÃ‚ write down details of how the children are evacuated. The children must be givenÃ‚ training or fire drilling from time to time. Dates and numbers of children that participateÃ‚ in this drilling must be documented in this form. All this activities must be dated andÃ‚ signed. Local Fire Service can also carry out free safety checks. 7) Vehicle Records and Parent Permission for a Child to Travel in a Vehicle:Ã‚ This form is used to record information about the vehicle being used toÃ‚ transport children to trips in the Care setting. The vehicle must be registered for the purpose of driving the children around and must be insured. Parents mustÃ‚ give consent before the children can travel in the vehicle. This trip can be organisedÃ‚ regularly to a park, playgroup or a planned group outing. 8) Prescription and Non-Prescription Medical Record Form:Ã‚ This is a medical form that is needed to be filled, when drugs is giving to a child inÃ‚ a Home care setting. The form must include Name of drug, dose and how oftenÃ‚ the drug should be given to the child. The parent of the child must give permissionÃ‚ on how the drug should be given, and must be recorded on the form. Non-prescriptionÃ‚ drugs like Paracetamol or antihistamine must also be given with the parentÃ¢â‚¬â„¢s permission. 9) Outing and Consent Form ; These forms are in two types, One for writing smallÃ‚ Trips and the 2nd for arranged large trips. The form contains what types of trip,Ã‚ type of transport, by foot, by the CarerÃ¢â‚¬â„¢s Car, or the Child CarerÃ¢â‚¬â„¢s Car. A consent letterÃ‚ must be written and signed by the parent before the trip and filed in the childÃ¢â‚¬â„¢s file.Ã‚ Another form may also be needed for big outings, or financial contribution. 10) Financial Forms Ã¢â‚¬â€œ This contains Record of Payment of Fees, Invoice and Receipt .Ã‚ There are 3 types of financial forms for recording fees paid into Home CareÃ‚ Setting. The form is use for payment of fees and record fees paid by the parent, it mustÃ‚ be signed by both parent and the Care Provider. A tear-off-slip can be used as a receiptÃ‚ to the parent. This receipt is necessary in case of disputes or when purchasing educationalÃ‚ products from the Child Care Provider. Also, the original Invoice is necessary. It contains theÃ‚ Child Carer ProviderÃ¢â‚¬â„¢s Name and Address, Invoice Number, Date, Description of goods beingÃ‚ Invoiced for and total amount paid. 11) Record of Complaint: This form contains who made a complain, the nature of complain, incident date, full details of complain, how it was dealt with and action taken. The form should be signed and dated by the Child provider. This is necessary in-case of future reference or requiredÃ‚ by OFSTED, especially if the allegation is serious or is an abuse.Ã‚ DESCRIBE THE RANGE OF ACTIVITIES THAT CAN BE USED TO STIMULATE A CHILDÃ¢â‚¬â„¢S DEVELOPMENT.Ã‚ (REFERENCE MADE TO PHYSICAL, INTELLECTUAL AND SOCIAL DEVELOPMENT FOR BOTH BABIES (0-12months) AND CHILDREN (1-5years) The following are skills that can aid a childÃ¢â‚¬â„¢s development; GROSS MOTOR SKILLS: This term mean a whole range of physical movements made by a Child or Baby like Crawling, Rolling, Walking and Skipping. Play is very essential for a childÃ¢â‚¬â„¢s development. Throwing or catching a ball, Riding a Bicycle and Hopscotch helps for develop a childÃ¢â‚¬â„¢s growt. FINE MOTOR SKILLS: This skill involves the control of muscle movements like, Fastening Clothing,Ã‚ writing, drawing, using a knife/ Fork and using Scissors. It makes a child to use all their movementsÃ‚ to do all this activities in the Child Care setting. Multi-sensory Toys are also part of this skill toÃ‚ develop babyÃ¢â‚¬â„¢s sense. These Toys can be used by babyÃ¢â‚¬â„¢s from 9 months, when they can be able toÃ‚ pick up and grasp an object. Some Toys can be squeezed to make noise, some soft fruits like Banana or sticks of soft Bread can be given to the child to eat. They are good for babyÃ¢â‚¬â„¢s hand andÃ‚ Eye co-ordination. From 12 months old, a baby loves dropping toys from their Cot. Babies like bright coloursÃ‚ and the noises of dropping toys into a sorter. By this, Fine Motor Skills are developed. From 24 months, this Fine Motor Skills activities changes, a dressing up box is now needed in theÃ‚ Home Care, were colourful dresses, buttons and zips are stored. This is because, dressing andÃ‚ undressing are favourite pastime for many babyÃ¢â‚¬â„¢s and the dressing up box encourages them toÃ‚ Be creative. Also, Painting, drawing and colouring are good ways of developing children skills,Ã‚ especially colouring books. Water is also a good way of fine motor skill, with children playingÃ‚ with water in warm weather outside the Care Setting. INTELLECTUAL DEVELOPMENT: Babies Ã¢â‚¬â€œ There are many Multi-Sensory baby books which are goodÃ‚ for the development of a childÃ¢â‚¬â„¢s knowledge. These books have pictures, and are made of Mirrors,Ã‚ Crinkly fabric and SandpaperÃ¢â‚¬â„¢s attached to them. Babies like to touch them when readingÃ‚ Stories. Also, Music, Singing and Colourful, Noisy Toys are good for a childÃ¢â‚¬â„¢s development. TODDLERS: ToddlerÃ¢â‚¬â„¢s loves Card games like Flash Cards, Board games like Dominoes, Ã¢â‚¬ËœConnect 4Ã¢â‚¬â„¢Ã‚ Which are popular games that are good for numeracy skills. They also have enquiring mind whichÃ‚ makes them ask questions about their surroundings and what they learn daily in the Care setting. SOCIAL DEVELOPMENT: Play is a good way in developing social skills on children in a safe environment. Children can act different type of rolls like, a Post Office, were children talk to customers and staff behind the counter. Or Hospital setting, were they act as Doctors and patients. All these rolls have different cloths that the children can put on, and can be stored after used. WRITE A DRAFT FOOD HEALTH AND SAFETY POLICY THAT CAN BE USED IN HOME CHILD CAREÃ‚ SETTING, AND EXPLANATION OF GOVERNMENT STANDARDS 6 AND 7 SHOULD BE INCLUDED. In a Home setting, Government have 14 standards that a Child Provider requires. Two of thisÃ‚ are Safety and Health. SAFETY: Every registered Home Care setting must make safety inside and outside a very importantÃ‚ part of the setting. This is to prevent accident in the home. Government Standard 6 Policy must be considered by the Care Provider to promote SafetyÃ‚ outside, Safety in the Home environment and to prevent accidents. This safety standardÃ‚ includes, safety and security outside and indoors, Gardens, Out building, Kitchen, Gas/Electricity,Ã‚ Fire safety, outings and transport. Also, the Care Provider should make sure that Plugs are blockedÃ‚ with plastic safety plugs, child Car seats are fitted properly, all straps are fitted, Stairs must haveÃ‚ gates if required, and Toys must be clean and checked regularly. HEALTH: In a Home Setting, healthy environment is necessary to prevent the spread of infection and in-case a child is ill, necessary measures must be taken. Government standard 7 Policy is concernedÃ‚ with health and hygiene of children in and outside a Care setting. This standard deals with Hygiene, Sandpits, Animals, Medicine, Handling of food, Sick children, First Aid and Smoking. Children canÃ‚ contract infectious bacteria from Sandpits, Animals and Sick children in the Care setting, and this can be dangerous for them. Therefore, it is important to remove any person, structure or animal thatÃ‚ is contaminated by bacteria, in-order not to cause harm to a child or adult working in the CareÃ‚ Setting. It is also important that strict food hygiene in the Care setting is necessary to prevent contamination. CONSTUCT A TRAVEL PLAN WHICH DISCUSES THE VARIOUS FACTORS THAT NEED TO BE TAKENÃ‚ INTO CONSIDERATION WHEN CARRING OUT A VISIT AWAY FROM THE CHILD CARE SETTING Plans to take into consideration when taking children to trips to new destinations includes; WALKING: The Child Care must have a suitable Pushchairs, Reigns, Reflective Tabards to know how many children are walking with them. All the children must be taught Road Safety, that is, how to cross the Road. Adults must accompany the children walking for this planned trip. Emergency equipment like, Contact details, Mobile Phone, First Aid Kit or any Medication a child may need for the trip. BY TRANSPORT: Permission must be taken from the parent before travelling on public transport. The type of transport used must be known by the parent. In-case the children are travelling by Bus or Train, make sure that they wait safely at the Bus stop or at the Train Station before the Transport arrive. -Number of children travelling by public transport and those travelling by car orÃ‚ a staffs registered Car must be known. Children travelling during rush hour must be old enough to stand. TRAVELLING BY CAR: The Car being used must be insured for business purpose. Written permission from parent must be taken. The Car must have enough sit. The Car must have enough fuel in the tank. The Car must have a First Aid Kit and necessary medicines. All the children travelling must be safe to travel with sit belt. The Care Provider must have a Breakdown Insurance Cover and Mobile Phone to use in-case of emergency. It is important to carry out a Risk Assessment when going on a trip for the first time. The Risk Assessment form contains anything that is dangerous to a childÃ¢â‚¬â„¢s health, safety or in-case of any danger they may encounter on the trip. The trip can be postponed or avoided, depending on the result of this Risk Assessment.

Free College Essays - The Father/Daughter Conflict in Shakespeares Othello :: GCSE Coursework Shakespeare Othello

Othello: The Father/Daughter Conflict Brabantio, father of Desdemona in William Shakespeare's "Othello," is not happy that his daughter is marrying the title character. This father/daughter conflict impacts the work significantly by foreshadowing the climax, giving antagonist Iago material for his evil plot. Brabantio is a Venetian Senator with definite ideas on the subject of his daughter. He wants to choose a husband for her who he feels is of her caliber and who can provide her a good life, as well as raise the family's esteem in Venetian society. At that time, this was his right as Desdemona's father. Then, when life expectancy was short, Brabantio would have wanted a son of a rich house who could inherit the family wealth, and was only a couple years older than his daughter, so she would not be widowed or have to return to her father's dependence. Desdemona acts contrary to these plans by choosing to marry Othello who is a Moor, not a Venetian, which automatically lowers his stature. He is also an army general; he does not have a lot of money, only some prestige. In addition, he is old - he could be Desdemona's father nearly; in fact, he is Brabantio's friend. Army life would keep him (and her) out of Venice, and prevent Brabantio from seeing his daughter, or future grandchildren. Consequently, Brabantio is extremely upset when he learns that they have eloped. Brabantio's anger at Othello's "thievery" leads him to entreat the Duke and Senate to annul the marriage. It is also true that the scene involving Iago and Roderigo telling Brabantio of his daughter's eloping does much to develop the character of Iago as a meddling weasel early in the book. The scene in which Othello and Brabantio argue their cases before the Duke is the culmination of the underlying conflict between Desdemona and Brabantio. Desdemona's direct part in the saga is less important than the effects of this conflict on Othello, who emerges an honorable and lawfully wedded man after his appearance before the Senate. However, the dubious nature of the marriage is to cause conflict later in the story, as Brabantio effectively disowns Desdemona and gives fuel to the gossip machine. Several times the fact that Othello stole Desdemona is given as proof that she can be stolen from him.

Friday, July 19, 2019

Cruel Intentions Essay -- essays research papers

The film Ã¢â‚¬Å"Cruel Intentions,Ã¢â‚¬ directed by John Hughes, is a fast-paced glimpse into the lives of New York yuppies whose entire existence revolves around money, power, sex, and drugs. HughesÃ¢â‚¬â„¢ direction for the movie concentrates on those who prey on innocence and will stop at nothing to achieve their ambitions. The story centers on Sebestian, played by Ryan Phillipe, whose main intention in life is to sleep with, and ruin the reputations of, girls whom he labels Ã¢â‚¬Å"ManhattanÃ¢â‚¬â„¢s insipid debutantes.Ã¢â‚¬ Using his good looks, charm and vast wealth, he manipulates the naÃƒ ¯ve ladies found in his elite private school, Manchester Prep, as easily as a ten year-old boy manipulates Tetris pieces on his Game Boy. Phillipe is perfect for the part. He executes SebestianÃ¢â‚¬â„¢s dry humor and wry wit flawlessly. His raw good looks and style captivates every room he enters, not to mention the fact that he has no problem whatsoever wearing the threads of those meticulous Armani outfits with such class that Prince William could take notes. However, Sebestian holds a burning flame for his cunning step-sister Katherine, played by Sarah Michelle Gellar. She is well aware of SebestianÃ¢â‚¬â„¢s forbidden desire and, in her own conniving way, uses it to bait Sebestian and make him her own puppet. Gellar also plays her part right on cue. She brings Katherine to life, emphasizing her snobby accent and fake goodiness, while all the while snorting cocaine from her misconceiving rosary that she wears around her neck. By b...

Thursday, July 18, 2019

Ã¢â‚¬Å“MythologyÃ¢â‚¬Â by Edith Hamilton

Ã¢â‚¬Å"MythologyÃ¢â‚¬ By Edith Hamilton Mythology is mainly known for the pagan religions that dominated Europe during the times of the Greek and Roman Empires. The main pagan religion being that of the Greek gods like Zeus, Hera, Ares, and Hercules which was the most prevalent and accepted amongst Europeans at the time. The religions although very harsh and unforgiving were prevalent because the people needed a strong spiritual source to depend on. The people needed a sense of unity in order to have their rising civilizations succeed. The people need someone to blame for the many negative things that may have happened during their times.All of these things contributed to the success and need for the pagan religions in Europe. The Greek pagan gods were a very harsh and unforgiving lot. Zeus the father of the gods along with his brothers betrayed and banished his father Kronos after he tried to devour them all. Zeus then tricked his brother Hades into being the master of the Underwo rld where only death and sorrow prevailed and Poseidon the king of the Oceans. He then proceeded to make himself the ruler of the gods effectively making sure he wasnÃ¢â‚¬â„¢t challenged as he ruled from the heavens.In the same way the people of the Greek and Roman empires pursued power and fame. The Greek city states warred with each other endlessly, constantly making and breaking alliances in order to gain the upper hand in the name of their respective god or gods. The two gods who were the cause of the greatest of catastrophes were Athena and Ares. Which were the gods of the city states of Sparta and Athens. Both of the city states believed that their god was superior and that they should in turn rule over the other Greek city states and all the other lesser gods.This led to great conflicts between the two nations which in mythology is depicted by the grand arguments and betrayals that Athena and Ares committed on one another. The people always praised their gods and offered them bountiful gifts and sacrifices. They believed that in doing this the gods would grant them the ability to win any war or avoid any catastrophe. With this feeling of superiority and divine intervention they felt invincible and so always went out to carve out their empires at the expense of lives and money.Because of all the bloodshed brought forth from the different gods and different cultures ending in wars it was necessary for the Greek and Roman city states to have gods that were strong and merciless. The people needed to know that their god would not allow any other nation or god to harm his people or disturb his domain. Anywhere where the dominant god was not of a warrior personality city states fell to more aggressive ones and anywhere that these aggressive city states went they carved out territories and imposed even greater control of entire regions. A weak god was indeed a weakness and a strong, merciless one was indeed the way to go.