Synthesis of a New Potential Herbicide

Blend of a New Potential Herbicide Part 1 Presentation Foundation of Study Since the start of the world, each animal on the planet expends food so as to endure. They ingest animals in the ocean, creatures on the ground, or even vegetables on the land. In the former times, the vegetables that humanity admission is without including of engineered synthetic concoctions or at the end of the day it is natural. The reason for including synthetic compounds during the vegetation procedure in this period of modernisation is to conquered bothersome circumstance like expel undesirable plants and dispensing with bug. These concoction is known as pesticides. Pesticide is characterized as concoction utilized for plant self destruction. By and large, pesticide can be independent into four classifications. There are bug spray, herbicide, fungicide and bactericides. Pesticides have cause contamination to the earth. It additionally has an effect towards creatures, plant and humankind. Pesticide is a sort of tireless natural contamination to the earth since it is difficult to corrupt. The physical properties have denied debasement to happen. Instances of pesticide are paraquat, diquat, and DDT (Hafiza, 2014). So as to create food in high return, weed control is utilized. It is to guarantee the food produce is affordable recipient. The most widely recognized weed control utilized is by the utilization of herbicide. It was on the grounds that herbicide is anything but difficult to utilize and it is productive (Lodovichi et. al., 2013; Pannell et al.,2004; Parsons et al., 2009). Herbicide can be sorted. Regularly herbicide is arranged dependent on method of activity. The herbicide typically work dependent on restraint of protein or repress mitosis to happen (Fujiwara, 2014). Humankind need to create more food. It was on the grounds that the total populace will ascend to 9.6 billion individuals (Fujiwara, 2014). The food humankind need is going to increment since everybody need food. However, there are still starvation going on in this time of thousand years. Just in Africa alone there are in excess of 18,000 individuals are starving. Because of food lack, a large portion of the youngsters pass on before them coming to at 5 years old (Missionaries of Africa, n.d). The need of food have cause human to utilize herbicide widely. The broad utilization of a solitary herbicide had cause the weed in the field to be herbicide safe. Herbicide safe in weed will cause a few ramifications. It will make the need change a fresh out of the box new weed and harvest the executives framework, cost inadequate in weed the board, diminish in herbicide decision and low profitability of yield (WSSA, 2011). Consequently, humankind need to create more nourishment for the age to come. However, a less expensive pesticide is requirement for weed control. Notwithstanding, the utilized of pesticide can adjust the quality of weed and it will oppose toward the herbicide and another herbicide is required. The extent of study is amalgamation a herbicide. The herbicide is a subsidiary from benzaldehyde, cyclohexanone and phenyl hydrazine. The union of the subordinates it will at that point be test with meager layer chromatography (TLC). After, it will isolate by utilizing a silica segment. At that point, it is tried with atomic attractive reverberation (NMR) to auxiliary affirmation. Finally however not the least, the integrated structure is exposed to herbicide bioassay test. Huge of Study The huge of the examination is to blend another possible herbicide. The blend of the potential herbicide is to permit another herbicide to be cultivated in the market with new method of activity. The last creation of herbicide is at 1980’s (WSSA, 2011). The vast majority of the analysts have portage see the future and amalgamation a great deal of pristine innovation in a ton of zone. Be that as it may, the critical advancement of another herbicide to improve food profitability and quality had been a worry. Herbicide safe had been a genuine issue to the world as it will influence food profitability. In across the country, there are around 80% of herbicide safe yield due to widely utilization of a solitary sort of herbicide. In side of these 80% herbicide safe yield there are over 90% were glyphosate safe while the rest of the rates glufosinate safe (Duke,2014). In this way, the desire of combination another herbicide is expected to permit increasingly decision of herbicide. In an end, the need to build up another herbicide is required. It is to beaten the issue of expanding need of food, to determine starvation in Africa and improve food quality. Target of Study The Objective of study is as beneath: To integrated benzyldehyde, cyclohexanone, and phenyl hydrazine subordinates as likely herbicide To build up another herbicide to determine the issue of herbicide safe To portray benzyldehyde, cyclohexanone and phenyl hydrazine subsidiaries To conquer the issue of herbicide obstruction Section 2 Writing REVIEW 2.1 Pesticide Human have the best brain of all among creature extend from microscopic organisms to the biggest creature on the planet. Human is imaginative. Humanity likes to take care of issue. When there is a difficult humanity will in general discover the approaches to determine the issues. For instance, there is a types of irritation in the house and human use pesticide to dispense with it. Pesticide isn't something popular in this period. It have been utilized since century prior and the creature that humanity mark as nuisance can be slaughter by utilizing pesticide. The historical backdrop of pesticide can antiquated Romans lived. In that period of time, sulfur is scorched to dispose of creepy crawly bug and weed is constrained by utilizing salt. Later at the sixteenth century, the insect which humankind mark as vermin is executed by utilizing the blend nectar and arsenic blend. In the 16 century additionally, the Chinese uses nicotine to control plum curculio(Hassall, 1990). At that point, human in the nineteenth century attempt to build up a successful pesticide. To control bother the rancher in the field in that century utilized sulfur, copper acetoarsenite, nicotine sulfate and calcium arsenate as pesticide. Nonetheless, the impacts are not unreasonably viable (John, 2010). There a ton of synthetic concoctions was present at post-world war II. The synthetic compounds included BHC, aldrin, endrin, dieldrin, DDT, and 2,4 D (Muir, 2012). These synthetic concoctions use broadly in that time. DDT is utilized as pesticide as a result of modest, high viable and low toxicology (John, 2010). Where 2,4-D(agent orange) is being utilized as a herbicide because of reasonable, high compelling and simple to apply. Be that as it may, pesticide have cost a great deal of issue across the country. During the world war II America utilized this herbicide, bio-chemical defoliants to assault Vietnam. In 1960’s, there is a book named slient spring whom writer name Racheal Carson have raise the awerenes toward the use of herbicide. In the book of quiet spring, the writer clarifies the bioconcentration, bioaccumulation and biomagnifications through the natural pecking order. Pesticide can be classified into numerous classifications. These included acaricide, antimicrobial, attractant, avicide, fungicide, herbicide, bug spray, molluscicide, nematicide, piscicide, repellent, redenticide, and synergist. Diverse kind of herbicide will target distinctive sort of vermin gathering (Delaplane, 1996). Chart 1, Types of pesticide and it’s target gathering. Embraced from, Delaplane, K.S. in pesticide use in the US: history, advantages, dangers and patterns The use of pesticide is wide. It tends to be use in farming, general wellbeing, industry, family unit, individual application and material structure. Use of pesticide in India Outline 2, use of pesticide in India Embrace from, Gupta, P.K.(2004), Pesticide Exposure-Indian scene 2.1.1 Role of Pesticide in Agiculture The broadly utilized of pesticide has cause a few advantages to the country just as world. It was on the grounds that the harvest creation yearly will drop when pesticide isn't utilized. One examination had been done that when pesticide is boycott, the harvest creation in United State alone will drop 73 percent. The diminishing in the harvest creation of groundnuts, cotton and soybeans will prompt insecurity of yield. Simultaneously, the abatement in crop creation will influence the cost of food and the starvation on the planet will build (Delaplane, 1996; Knutson et.al., 1990). It was on the grounds that increments in food crop creation, pesticide is use in a large portion of the created nations. The expansion of food crop creation is just on the grounds that the safe for plant to develop is limited. Weed development, bug assault and organisms can influence the supplement accessibility in the earth. By utilizing pesticide, control of weed, creepy crawly and organisms should be possible. Accordingly increment supplements accessibility in the dirt and it could augmented the condition for harvest to develop (Hassall, 1980). 2.1.2 Effect of Pesticide Since the start of progress, human need to enchanced their day to day environment. The enchancement of living included increment food creation. The expansion of food creation can be enchanced by the utilized of pesticide. In any case, pesticide has cause significant issue (Gupta,2004 ; Gupta, 1989). The measure of pesticide in nature might be nearly nothing yet It might post a danger. In India between the long periods of 1958 to 1992, there are an aggregate of eight instances of pesticide harming in food (Gupta, 2004). Pesticide additionally post danger toward marine and new water living life form (Edge, et. al., 2014). There is an investigation in Tanzania shows that it is having a high convergence of pesticide. In this nation, pesticide hole to the environement subsequently from ill-advised capacity. It has cause pesticide to run off to the stream. After the split, high convergence of pesticide is identified from soil ( Mahugijia et.al., 2013; Kishimba and Mihale, 2004). In any case, following 15 years the centralization of pesticide is still high here after the tidying up process and the debasement of pesticide is seen as irrelevant (Mahugija at. al., 2013). 2.2 Herbicide and It’s Mode of Actions Weed is characterized as a wild plant developing where it isn't needed and in rivalry with developed plants (Soanes and Stevenson, 2009). The principal man who utilize the term weed is Jethro Tã… Â ±ll in his book

Discover the Code-Breaking History of the Rosetta Stone

Find the Code-Breaking History of the Rosetta Stone The Rosetta Stone, which is housed in the British Museum, is a dark, perhaps basalt piece with three dialects on it (Greek, demotic and pictographs) each maxim something very similar. Since the words are converted into different dialects, it gave Jean-Francois Champollion the way in to the secret of Egyptian symbolic representations. Disclosure of the Rosetta Stone Found at Rosetta (Raschid) in 1799, by Napoleons armed force, the Rosetta Stone demonstrated the way to unraveling Egyptian pictographs. The individual who discovered it was Pierre Francois-Xavier Bouchards, a French official of specialists. It was sent to the Institut dEgypte in Cairo and afterward taken to London in 1802. Rosetta Stone Content The British Museum portrays the Rosetta Stone as a holy declaration certifying the faction of 13-year-old Ptolemy V. The Rosetta Stone recounts an understanding between Egyptian ministers and the pharaoh on March 27, 196 B.C. It names respects offered on Macedonian Pharaoh Ptolemy V Epiphanes. In the wake of applauding the pharaoh for his liberality, it depicts the attack of Lycopolis and the lords great deeds for the sanctuary. The content proceeds with its fundamental reason: setting up a clique for the ruler. Related Meaning for the Term Rosetta Stone The name Rosetta Stone is currently applied to pretty much any sort of key used to open a secret. Considerably progressively recognizable might be a famous arrangement of PC based language-learning programs utilizing the term Rosetta Stone as an enrolled trademark. Among its developing rundown of dialects is Arabic, at the same time, too bad, no pictographs. Physical Description of the Rosetta Stone From the Ptolemaic Period, 196 B.C.Height: 114.400 cm (max.)Width: 72.300 cmThickness: 27.900 cmWeight: around 760 kilograms (1,676 lb.). Area of the Rosetta Stone Napoleons armed force found the Rosetta Stone, however they gave up it to the British who, drove by Admiral Nelson, had vanquished the French at the Battle of the Nile. The French ceded to the British at Alexandria in 1801 and as terms of their acquiescence, gave over the relics they had uncovered, primarily the Rosetta Stone and a stone casket generally (yet subject to contest) credited to Alexander the Great. The British Museum has housed the Rosetta Stone since 1802, with the exception of the years 1917-1919 when it was briefly moved underground to forestall conceivable bomb harm. Before its revelation in 1799, it had been in the town of el-Rashid (Rosetta), in Egypt. Dialects of the Rosetta Stone The Rosetta Stone is engraved in 3 dialects: Demotic (the regular content, used to compose documents),Greek (the language of Ionian Greeks, a managerial content), andHieroglyphs (for religious business). Unraveling the Rosetta Stone Nobody could peruse pictographs at the hour of the disclosure of the Rosetta Stone, however researchers before long pieced out a couple of phonetic characters in the demotic area, which, by correlation with the Greek, were distinguished as legitimate names. Before long legitimate names in the hieroglyphic segment were distinguished in light of the fact that they were orbited. These circumnavigated names are called cartouches. Jean-Francois Champollion (1790-1832) was said to have learned enough Greek and Latin when he was 9-years of age to understand Homer and Vergil (Virgil). He considered Persian, Ethiopic, Sanskrit, Zend, Pahlevi, and Arabic, and dealt with a Coptic word reference when he was 19. Champollion at last found the way to deciphering the Rosetta Stone in 1822, distributed in Lettre M. Dacier.

The First Snow of 2018!

The First Snow of 2018! Today marks the first snowfall in Champaign-Urbana for the 2018 year! While some will choose to bundle up and stay inside with their hot chocolate (a perfectly fine choice), there are so many activities in Champaign-Urbana to do before Christmas. Below are a few ideas to get in the holiday spirit. Gif from Giphy.com See The Nutcracker at Krannert Center This show is from 12/1-12/3 and 12/8-12/10. Act fast because this show will certainly sell out! Ice skate at the University of Illinois Ice Arena Ive personally never been ice skating at the ice arena, but I have heard only great things about it! Skate times and fees can be found here. Try hot chocolate from all the local coffee shops Photo from Rachel Hernandez This includes Starbucks, Cafe Bene, Espresso Royale, Cafe Paradiso, Paige Roasting Company, and BrewLab. Attend the Festival of Trees Photo from Rachel Hernandez The Festival of Trees is an event put on by the Junior League of Champaign. Tickets are available for purchase at the door, and all proceeds go back to the Junior Leaguea non-profit organization. Visit Hardys Reindeer Ranch How many people can say they have fed a real reindeer? I can! Hardys Reindeer ranch is a one of a kind opportunity to not only see reindeer, but feed and play with them. Hardys also has a corn maze and gift shop! Rachel Class of 2020 I am studying Middle Grades Education with concentrations in Social Sciences and Literacy in the College of Education. Although I now reside in Champaign, I am originally from Vernon Hills, a Northwest suburb of Chicago.

Is There Good Evidence for or Against the Existence of God

Title 1: Is there good evidence for or against the existence of God? Throughout the ages, the topic of religion has always been discussed and argued over. Some people will always argue that God does exist, whilst others will argue that he doesn’t. Firstly I would like to start my argument with the famous 13th century philosopher, Thomas Aquinas. Aquinas’ argument is known as the cosmological argument. This is the idea of: the unmoved mover, the uncaused causer and idea of contingency, these three arguments are all a posteriori (based on the evidence in the universe around us). The unmoved mover is the concept that, in theory (is logically acceptable even for an atheist), that nothing can be in motion without something first putting†¦show more content†¦Yet again this is an a posteriori argument as we know that it is plausibly and factual reasonable to accept that nothing can come into existence without something causing it. However some would say that it is also a priori as there is no evidence to support the idea of a necessary being. For example in the live radio debate between Russel and Copleston (1948) Russel’s philosophical position was to argue that concepts such as ‘cause of the universeâ⠂¬â„¢ and ‘necessary beings’ held no meaning. In juxtaposition to this, Pierre Laplace argued that the universe is just like a machine. He argued that each part of the machine affects the behaviour of another part of the machine, resulting in movement. Thus meaning that if the universe is a big machine then Laplace is not only rejecting the idea of contingency but also suggesting that contingent beings do not exist at all. Aquinas also forms an argument known as the design argument or the teleological argument which is a a posteriori. This is the concept that everything is directed towards an end and as inanimate objects have no rational powers then they must be directed to this purpose by some external power. William Paley supported Aquinas’ argument surrounding the idea of design, upon which he expanded further. Paley’s argument is known as the watch analogy. He said that if you were to find a watch upon the floor with all its intricate complicated parts, you would never argue thatShow MoreRelatedA Logical Argument For God s Existence Or Nonexistence1471 Words   |  6 PagesA logical argument for God’s existence or nonexistence is the cosmological argument. William Craig says in his book that there are three statements that give the cosmological argument form. Craig concluded that whatever begins to exist has a cause. The Universe began to exist therefore the Universe had a cau se. What that cause was, is widely challenged. The argument against the existence of God includes the Big Bang Theory. 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The History of the Fashion Store Zara - 2181 Words

Background Inditex, one of the worlds largest fashion distributors, has eight major sales formats - Zara, Pull and Bear, Massimo Dutti, Bershka, Stradivarius, Oysho, Zara Home y Kiddys Class- with 3.147 stores in 70 countries around the world. Inditex Group is comprised of over one hundred companies associated in textile design, manufacturing and distribution. The achievements of the company and the uniqueness of its management model, which is based on innovation and flexibility, made Inditex one of the largest fashion distribution groups in the fashion industry. The company’s fashion philosophy -creativity and quality design together with a rapid response to market demands- has resulted in fast†¦show more content†¦The ideas and design of a product came from the designer. The designer gets the idea of what product to design next by means of its sales from stores and customers feedback and comments. The designers based their ideas in product de signs from previous product sales. The feedback and comments of customers a bout a product is also considered in the design. Below is a diagram that shows the cycle how a product is made. The company’s success is because of the total control in every aspect of the business, from designing, to production, and to distribution. By having total control of the entire process, the company can quickly react to the fast changing fashion trend and customer taste, this provides the company an idea of the latest fashion trend. Having total control in all business activities allows Zara to produce and release new design in a short span of time. All of the functions of the business continuously works together to produce new collections and designs which are updated and completed on a weekly basis, this allows the company to release new product easily. Zara shop managers report to designers in La Coruà ±a in a daily basis on what has and has not sold. 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Urban form and sense of security Free Essays

string(417) " be defined in terms discreet qualities which secure a safe feeling to any particular group \(weaker group\) of people discussed above neither can it be defined in terms of any quality which acts at a particular scale \(micro to macro as discussed above\), but is a quality which is a complex of all the above mentioned factors at all scales acting upon any person at any particular time in a particular urban space\." This study tries to explore human perceptions of security In urban environments, by Investigating the impact of design actors in the built environment on an individual’s perception of personal safety in that space. This study was carried out within the context of an urban design study rather than within a human psychology-based study. To validate these factors a site from the traditional fabric of Mohammedan is studied and is compared with the same factors at a site in the newer fabric of the city. We will write a custom essay sample on Urban form and sense of security or any similar topic only for you Order Now The paper finally attempts to establish the relevance of the traditional urban form within contemporary city developments, in achieving better sense of security in public spaces. Understanding of the basic theme a. Deflation of Sense of security Sense of security In simple terms can be defined as a human feeling that makes the person convinced that he she is safe and secure in a particular place or context. The person with a sense of security is not feared of any force which can be a person, a group of persons or an animal or any other manmade / ‘supernatural’ force which can put them in danger (physical or mental damage). People develop specific fears as they learn about certain people, objects, animals or natural/ ‘supernatural’ forces. A child was conditioned to fear a white rat in the laboratory might fear even other white, furry objects Kenny P. Joy I 2 traumatic accident. For example, if a child falls into a well and struggles to get out, he or she may develop a fear of wells, heights (acrophobia), enclosed spaces (claustrophobia), or water (aqua phobia). There are studies looking at areas of the brain that are affected in relation to fear. L Variation in the definition. The definition of sense of security varies from person depending on their age, gender, and cultural background. In all of these categories there is a weaker section which is feared of the other group or some external force, be it manmade or ‘supernatural’. In the case of gender, women being weaker by physical strength fear f attacks of men on them in form of sexual assault, rape, eve teasing etc. Whereas in the case of age, children, being weaker in physical strength, associated lack of mental maturity in understanding the reality, make them fear of adults or even ‘supernatural’ powers who can pose harm to them. Often cultural backgrounds affect the sense of security since form, color, light, sound, smell and other characteristics which are a part of any space will have different meanings in different cultures. The concept of sense of security is not confined to people who belong to any of the weaker groups of these categories but is applicable to any person. For example an able bodied adult male who does not belong to those weaker groups, also is prone to dangers of attack or theft in the public by criminals or animals. The fact that he is also in danger, inculcates a lack of sense of security within him. Here, when it was discussed about the about the victim of such an attack losing sense of security, we should not 1 http://en. Wisped. Org/wick/Little_Albert_experiment 3 forget that the sense of security of these criminals too are in question. They are again in a fear of danger from being caught by police. Though these are some of the basic factors that determine a person’s sense of security, sense of fear in various forms is generated in a person due to the physical character and quality of the space where he is placed. For a person, the sense of security within an urban space is primarily linked with the level of familiarity, which means a sense of fear is generated in the person automatically in an uncertain environment. Fear can channel one’s energies away from areas of perceived threats and into directions that seem safe. Fear is a distressing negative sensation induced by a perceived threat and is a basic survival mechanism in response to a specific tumulus, such as pain or the threat of danger. Factors that determine sense of security in an urban space. Acre level to micro level. At a macro level the location and the context of the urban space of study determines the sense of security of the person using it. This factor has an impact on the way a person moves within a city through preferential selection of routes which give him a sense of security. The next factor that affects the sense of security includes characters at precinct level – legibility and permeability. Legibility of the space makes a person free from getting clueless in an unknown urban space by aging the place more graspable for the user. Permeability helps in removing the feeling of a strange enclosure for a user in an unknown place with provision of number of visible alternative routes. These qualities are predominantly dictated by the form of the urban space. 4 Further going down into smaller levels, there are fine elements within the urban space including visual and non visual elements, which makes the space feel secure for the user. They include factors such as width of the space or street, lighting level, sound, smell, architectural details, artifacts, etc.. Besides characteristics of a space, he sense of security is also created by the kind of people who are associated with the space directly or indirectly. This dimension which comes into the picture while defining the sense of security is territorial definitions. When the territories of an urban space is defined well by the associated people through physical elements like form, character, details etc. Or non physical elements like activities, sound, smell, their cultural expressions etc. It creates a sense of non belonging or unfamiliarity (often attached with fear) for a person entering into the transition space. Definition of an urban space that offers sense of security: The sense of security of an urban space cannot be defined in terms discreet qualities which secure a safe feeling to any particular group (weaker group) of people discussed above neither can it be defined in terms of any quality which acts at a particular scale (micro to macro as discussed above), but is a quality which is a complex of all the above mentioned factors at all scales acting upon any person at any particular time in a particular urban space. You read "Urban form and sense of security" in category "Papers" Time become another factor defining the sense of security as various processes along he time, make the visual and non visual qualities of the space change accordingly. Time determines the type and intensity of activities happening in any urban space changing the level of sense of security throughout the day. The sense of security in urban space is relatively high when the perceived activity level of a particular urban 5 space is high for which time is a very important factor to be considered. The lack of activities, proper lighting, attack of dogs etc create an environment in Mohammedan city wherein beyond midnight and before dawn level of sense of security will be extremely low. Since the control of built form design has little to do with the perceived sense of security during the odd hours of the night, the study limits its scope into the non – odd hours. Relevance of sense of security in urban design: Sense of security adds on to the quality of an urban space. Proper design and effective use of the built environment can lead to a reduction in the fear and incidence of crime, and improvement of the quality of life. Recent trends and concepts of urbanism across the world, being learnt from the mistakes of the past forms of unsustainable urban development, have been stressing and demanding distance friendly urban spaces and networks to get integrated with mass public transit systems. Sense of security, therefore becomes an essential quality of the urban streets and other spaces to bring in people into walking who have once left walking and resorted to private vehicles. Establishing the relationship of sense of security with the design of urban space Factors that determine sense of security in an urban space: The above discussion identifies two key factors whose subcategories can be listed down as the elements that determine the sense of security in the urban pace which include: The form of the urban space: This multidimensional element can be broken down into further sub elements such as street width, built form height, street enclosure ratio, building setbacks, texture of the surface, porosity of the built envelope, the size or the footprint of the buildings and permeability. Relation of the interiors with exteriors: Though the discussion is predominantly about the sense of security in urban space or the space between buildings, the spatial configuration and the relation of the interiors with the exterior spaces is an important factor. The elements which define this relationship are as follows: Compound wall, position of the entrance into the buil ding, level difference of the ground level with the pedestrian surface level, presence of parking space in front of the building, amount of vegetation in front of the building, percentage of openings in the building elevation etc. Validation of these factors through case studies of urban spaces in traditional urban form: To understand and validate these findings in reality, urban spaces in the traditional built fabric of Mohammedan: Teen Darwin precinct with neighborhoods around (fig 1). The dense built fabric with low rise attached built structures housing a mix of uses predominantly residential and typology plays an important role in the keeping up the perceived sense of security. Urban spaces in between purely residential built environments often interact with the pedestrians very weakly and the level of activity is very less. This space gets activated as more and more building uses and activities like commercial or cultural activities gets inserted into it as what is seen in the site under study. The urban form is characterized by narrow pedestrian scale streets with small building footprints. The built form itself evolved out of strong social relations which in these neighborhoods. The territoriality was strongly marked by an area within which the inmates engaged themselves throughout the day – the flower shop, temple, vegetable and grocery shop, work place (often at not so far distance from the neighborhood till recent times). The public space seeps into the residential transition 7 spaces (verandah). The presence of large openings on the building fade always gives the pedestrian a sense that people can see him or in other words gives a sense f presence of people (rather than alienated or lonely) while moving through these public spaces. The In short, the perceived level of activity is high which in turn maintains a high level of natural surveillance. This traditional fabric essentially thus maintains a high level of perceived activity throughout the day and even late hours of the night. Fig 1 – Site map (Source – Google Earth) Fig 2 – Built form (source – Author) Contemporary scenario: Understanding the changes occurred to the urban form structured by new principles which are predominantly non pedestrian and how it affected sense of security in public spaces: The perceptions and meanings of security have changed over time as technology transformed the form of the cities and the way in which they work. The built form which was predominantly fine grained became coarser and coarser as well as loosely packed. This transformation was in fact a product of the process of evolution of the urban form which got mutated by the insertion of automobile movements. The new age lifestyle redefined the character and qualities of living and work environments. As Kenny P. Joy I 8 making them shift to new comfortable and faster modes of movement through automobiles. This in turn affected the pattern of distribution of facilities and various building uses essentially disturbing the pedestrian scale of streets. The conventional planning principles made cities which are large grained with wide roads and segregated activity zones for different activities. This made the Indian city devoid of it original character and vibrancy created by a vibrant mix of activities or land uses. The city became more and more complex in its physical and social systems which supported it. Crimes rates rose in new forms and the sheer number which in turn affected the notion of public space as an alien space. People took time to associate themselves with public spaces and minors generally are discouraged in using public spaces especially in odd hours. Though systems to ensure security through police or security personnel as well as technological advancements (like CATV surveillance, mobile tracking systems etc. Have been put into use in public spaces, they work in their own limitations. Moreover for a pedestrian using the public space, these systems are additional backup systems of security which still hold a second place after the basic instincts or the responses to the environment through which he / she s moving. Demonstration through a case study: The si te selected for understanding the change happened in the urban form is the newly developed area on the western side of Mohammedan – Nehru Magna Junction precinct (shown in fig 3). The site is located along BRATS corridor – a conventionally planned area in the Western side of Mohammedan city. The neighborhood and the adjoining commercial belt got developed into its current form after the insertion of the BRATS corridor in 2010. 9 Fig 3 – Site plan (Source – Google Earth) It has got a mix of housing typologies ranging from low rise apartments cluster of mall footprints as well as taller apartment complexes with few or nil commercial spaces in the ground floor. Since the streets are designed for vehicles, the street widths are large and lack elements make them pedestrian friendly. The built form includes typically, discreet built forms forming islands (or array of islands) within open spaces unlike the previous case where the open spaces formed the islands in between the built form. The spaces between the buildings which contained human activities in the previous case became spaces of movement here. Relationship of the built form with on street pedestrian became weak due to many factors. The built form of especially the residential neighborhoods is characterized by residential buildings separated from the street space with a compound wall needing for more privacy within the property. The low rise built forms as residences or the second Kenny P. Joy I typology found are the tall apartments which may or not have commercial space in the ground floor. A family claim to a territory diminishes proportionally as the number of families who share that claim increases. (Oscar Newman. Creating Defensible Space). In these tall apartment blocks, the number of dwellers is so high hat, they hardly take any responsibility or rather use it considerably to a basic level of activity. This makes the space further inactive and less maintained bringing down the level of sense of security of that space. The other qualities of urban form that determine the sense of security includes permeability and variety. Conclusion This study examines the relationship and role of urban form and typology in determining the level of activity as well as natural surveillance which are the quintessential determiners of sense of security any urban space. In above discussions on case studies, a significant trend observed is the evolution of built arms to achieve more privacy. When the built form is evolved out of a process in which pedestrian behavior, activities and his response with nature is structuring principle, the sense of security a pedestrian enjoys is much higher than in an urban space within a built form structured by behavior and movement pattern supported by automobiles. Mohammedan city current growth is through a form of development which is a characteristic of the latter case. In the contemporary urban development where dimensions of privacy, demands of new lifestyle and perceptions of security eve changed urban form, the traditional urban form may not be possible to be recreated as it is, but the principles of the same can be incorporated within to create urban spaces which may not render a sense of fear in the users. 11 Reference Books Phaedra,Shills, Khan, Camera and Errand, Shills. How to cite Urban form and sense of security, Papers

Validity and Reliability in Qualitative Research

Question: Discuss about the Validity and Reliability in Qualitative Research. Answer: Introduction: Clear statement of the aim of the research- The research article by Ostaszkiewicz et al. (2014) clearly mentions the aim of the research which was to develop a grounded theory on how Residential aged care facilities (RACF) identify, communicate and deliver continence care needs. Justification of the qualitative methodology- The objective of the research was to explore nurses and PCAs experience in assessing care needs and assess their views on barrier or facilitators to care. It was also aimed to conduct field observation for the development of theory regarding the topic. The grounded theory approach of research is appropriate for this study because it provides systematic inductive methods towards theory development and gaining insight to daily practical and ethical challenges in caring for aged residents (Smith 2015). Detailed critical appraisal using the CASP tool Justification of the research design- The clarity of the research by Ostaszkiewicz et al. (2014) is seen by proper discussion on the use of grounded theory approach by means of theoretical sampling, comparative data analysis, identification of main category and theoretical saturation level. It revealed theoretical sampling will be done through semi-structured interview and observations with RACF staffs. However, one limitation seen after reviewing the article is that no justification has been provided regarding why they are using this design for investigation and why they decided to select particularly grounded theory approach of qualitative research. The clear statement regarding the rationale for selecting this study design would have enhanced the quality of the research article. Whenever any research study is planned, proper justification regarding the reasons for selecting particular design eliminate vagueness in approach and strengthens the purpose of research (Birks and Mills, 2015). Recruitment strategy related to the aim of the research- The researcher has maintained the validity of the research in sample recruitment stage by means of eliminating all source of biasness. The recruitment strategy of selecting only experienced staffs in providing continence care in RACF is commendable as this help to identify real barrier or facilitators despite the required competence in care. In the research article by Jonasson et al. (2011), sample was selected without considering the experience of participants which lead to biasness and inaccuracy in study results and theory development. Ostaszkiewicz et al. (2014) did not provide any explanation regarding why selection on particular sample group was necessary for the study. However, the detail regarding the method of sample recruitment was provided. Nurse and PCAs took part in the interview only after they were given information about the purpose and design of research at a professional network forum. They volunteered to take part in the interview after consulting other colleague who took part in the study. Data collection method- Ostaszkiewicz et al. (2014) purposively selected two RACFs site in Australia for interview and field observation, one was 75 bed not-for-profit RACF in Melbourne and other was 50 bed private RACF in Adelaide. The researcher clearly justified the rationale for selecting two sites as it would help to get a mixture of sample group consisting of registered nurse, enrolled nurse and PCA staff who provide care not just to people with dementia but also with other disorders. Certain limitation in reporting of data collection method is also seen as the researcher has mentioned the use of semi-structure open-ended interview with staff, however no detail is given regarding the explicit method of interview. The detail is given regarding the procedure followed for field observation to collect data. However, the absence of the same detail on interview method significantly reduces the quality and efficacy of reporting research study. This form of error in reporting hampers t he reliability of the research and leads to poor grasp of research approach (Noble and Smith, 2015). Relationship between researcher and participants- While reviewing the article by Ostaszkiewicz et al. (2014), it has been found that nothing has been mentioned regarding factors that may lead to biasness in the study. No confounding variable was identified and no consideration was done regarding how to eliminate confounding elements in the study. The research question was formulated after reviewing the quality of RACF facilities in Australia. The researcher emphasized that care staff need to follow the Code of Ethics For Nurse and Aged Care Act while delivery care, however there is very few published article on how nurses and PCAs enact the rights of patients in care. Hence, the research question was set based on the analysis that there is little research on ethical challenges faced in during caring for aged residents in RACFs. The clarity regarding choice of location is given however sample recruitment stage is not adequately covered. While conducting an investigation, certain unexp ected event changes the course of investigation. In such situations, researcher needs to implication of this change and make some changes in plan in between research (Bowling, A., 2014). However, in this research nothing has been mentioned about the unexpected events which mean no such situation arose during the research to modify the research plan. Consideration of ethical issues in research- The ethical responsibility for good research practices includes seeking approval for conducting research from relevant Research Ethics Committee and following informed consent rules to inform participants about purpose of research, participants rights, potential risk in participation, prospective research benefits and limits of confidentiality (Marshall and Rossman 2014). Ostaszkiewicz et al. (2014) does not mentions the process followed regarding taking approval for conducting research from Ethics Committee which reflects lack of accuracy in ethical responsibility for research. However, the procedure regarding informed consent rule is covered in some part where nurses agreed for interview after being informed about research detail at a professional network forum. Rigour of data analysis- Despite several limitations in the article, the data analysis part has been adequately described by the researcher. It was not purely based on thematic analysis, however certain coding techniques were used to identify different categories and present it in result section. Data analysis was done through open coding, theoretical coding and selective coding techniques to interpret data, construct memos and classify them into different category. The uniformity in data was maintained after higher order concept emerged and basic theme was found. These processes reflect data was effectively extracted to enhance the reliability and validity of the research finding. No consideration regarding potential biases and influences has been made at any stage of the research (Ostaszkiewicz et al. 2014). Statement of findings- The study finding was presented after repeating the purpose of the study. Based on interview and field observation of participants in RACFs, Ostaszkiewicz et al. (2014) gave the theory regarding main problem encountered by staff during work and their response to the problem. The findings are explicit with discussion on experience of work, ethically challenging situations, residents level of dependence and devalued role. Hence, multiple and conflicting information related to addressing continence was provided, but credibility of the finding is not properly covered. Contribution of the research- This finding of the research is important as it gives insight into the different structural factors that prevents cares from fully exercising ethical rights and conduct in care. The researcher suggest new areas where action is needed by government but not areas where the topic could be further explored The researcher provided direction to future course of action by stating that the role of Australian government on addressing structural challenges that significantly hinders staffs performance and affect the delivery of high quality continence care to residents. References Birks, M. and Mills, J., 2015.Grounded theory: A practical guide. Sage. Bowling, A., 2014.Research methods in health: investigating health and health services. McGraw-Hill Education (UK). Jonasson, L.L., Liss, P.E., Westerlind, B. and Berter, C., 2011. Corroborating indicates nurses ethical values in a geriatric ward.International journal of qualitative studies on health and well-being,6(3). Marshall, C. and Rossman, G.B., 2014.Designing qualitative research. Sage publications. Noble, H. and Smith, J., 2015. Issues of validity and reliability in qualitative research.Evidence Based Nursing,18(2), pp.34-35. Ostaszkiewicz, J., O'Connell, B. and Dunning, T., 2014. Ethical challenges associated with providing continence care in residential aged care facilities: Findings from a grounded theory study.Australian and New Zealand continence journal,20(4), pp.179-186. Smith, J.A. ed., 2015.Qualitative psychology: A practical guide to research methods. Sage.